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I have been studying quenching and tempering lately, so please bear with me a little longer. ■ Expands to the point of rapid cooling I have lectured on the changes in structure caused by quenching and tempering, but today I would like to talk a bit about changes in dimensions. * For detailed content of the article, you can view it in the PDF. Please feel free to contact us for more information.

• Spring

Now, just as some people fall while sliding down the same slope, there are those who can slide smoothly, similarly, even when steel is hardened under the same conditions, the degree of hardening varies. This is because the ease of hardening depends on the composition of the steel. For example, spring steel of type 11 contains a small amount of boron in addition to manganese and chromium, which allows it to be hardened even in thick diameters of 60 to 70 millimeters. I will explain this further later. So today, let's study how hardened martensite changes through tempering. *The detailed content of the article can be viewed in the PDF. For more information, please feel free to contact us.*

• Spring

Steel has a stepchild called carbon, and when it is rapidly cooled from a high temperature, it does not undergo a straightforward transformation, but instead becomes a solid solution of carbon in alpha iron. This quenched structure is called martensite. The microscopic structure of martensite is needle-like and very hard. For example, the hardness of martensite in spring steel is about 700 on the Brinell hardness scale. However, not all steels achieve this level of hardness. *For more detailed information, please refer to the PDF. Feel free to contact us for further inquiries.*

• Spring

Last time, I briefly explained "Steel H," but today I will finally get serious and talk about perversion. As we learned previously, steel is an alloy of iron and carbon, and the strength and structure of steel change depending on the carbon content. However, it also varies with temperature, and the stable state is represented by a "phase diagram." *For detailed content of the article, you can view it in the PDF. Please feel free to contact us for more information.*

• Spring

As a policy of our preparatory school, we aim to make our lectures as easy as possible while ensuring the content is rich and profound. However, for a while, I believe we will continue with some difficult explanations. Please study with the same enthusiasm as a wife reading a cookbook. Now, phase transformation occurs at temperatures above 700 degrees, but first, let's examine the structure of steel at room temperature. *For detailed content, you can view the PDF. For more information, please feel free to contact us.*

• Spring

Today, let's study a little about the terms that express the strength and brittleness of steel. The strength of steel is usually understood through a tensile test. As you may know, in a tensile test, a tensile load is applied along the axis of the specimen until it fractures, and during this process, the relationship between the load and elongation, as well as the reduction in cross-sectional area, reveals the elastic limit, yield point, tensile strength, elongation, and reduction of area. *For detailed content of the article, you can view it in the PDF. Please feel free to contact us for more information.

• Spring

In the last class, we learned that the properties of steel can change dramatically with just a tiny difference in carbon content, comparable to a speck of dust. For example, even when comparing mild steel and hard steel, the difference in carbon content is only about 0.5%. Just like how premium liquor with a higher alcohol content is more expensive, steel also becomes more costly with a higher carbon content. However, the difference between mild steel and hard steel is not just a matter of the distinction between second-class and premium liquor. *For more detailed information, please refer to the PDF. Feel free to contact us for further inquiries.*

• Spring

The history of humans making iron is very ancient. Long ago, there were evil demons in Japan, but Momotaro, who defeated them, carried a Japanese sword. There’s more to it. There’s the hoe of the old man from the tale of "The Dog Who Dug," the scissors of the greedy old woman from "The Tongue-Cut Sparrow," and the fishing hook of Urashima Taro—these are well-known even to children. These are iron products that appear in nostalgic fairy tales. For those who say such stories are unreliable, let’s refer to the "Nihon Shoki." Within the "Nihon Shoki," many famous swords are mentioned. In fact, various iron products have been discovered in ancient burial mounds in Japan. *For detailed information, please refer to the PDF. For more details, feel free to contact us.*

• Spring

Today, let's study shot peening, a remedy for improving fatigue strength, as a way to wrap things up, along with other important points. Shot peening involves bombarding the surface of a spring with small steel balls at high speed using compressed air or centrifugal force to strengthen that surface. The effects of this strengthening can primarily be considered as follows: A. Blowing away surface scale and decarburization layers, thereby reducing a type of notch. B. Generating effective residual stress on the surface. C. Work hardening the surface. D. Creating a uniform roughness on the surface. *For detailed content of the article, please refer to the PDF. For more information, feel free to contact us.

• Spring

In recent discussions, we have explained the factors that lead to a decrease in fatigue strength. However, as the saying goes, "If you think you will lose, you will lose." Therefore, while we won't call it a surefire method, let's study ways to prevent the decline in fatigue strength. To improve fatigue strength, the first consideration is surface enhancement. As previously mentioned, this includes cleaning the surface and preventing decarburization, but there are also other effective measures such as corrosion protection and shot peening for springs. *For detailed content of the article, please refer to the PDF. For more information, feel free to contact us.*

• Spring

You may be familiar with phrases like "rust comes from the body" and "a spear may rust, but its name does not." The kanji for rust seems to have many variations, but in Japanese, it is written in hiragana as "sabi," which enriches its meaning. Today, let's study the relationship between rust, which is the oxide that forms on the surface of metals, and fatigue strength. The characteristics of metals as industrial materials include high mechanical strength, ductility, and excellent electrical and thermal conductivity. However, on the other hand, metals have a significant drawback: they are prone to rusting. *For detailed content of the article, please refer to the PDF. For more information, feel free to contact us.*

• Spring

Now, let's talk about the effect of dimensions. There are various types of leaf springs, both thick and thin, and coil springs with materials of different diameters, both thick and thin. In this way, when it comes to plates, the thickness changes, and for round bars, the diameter changes. Does the fatigue strength remain the same? In fact, it does change. This is referred to as the dimensional effect in fatigue. When testing thick and thin specimens in fatigue tests, excluding tensile and compressive fatigue limits, generally, thinner specimens show a greater fatigue limit in bending and torsion. Since most springs are used in bending or torsion, let's keep this relationship in mind as well. *For detailed content of the article, please refer to the PDF. For more information, feel free to contact us.*

• Spring

The surface of the steel oxidizes due to heating. In fact, this heating oxidation occurs from around 200 degrees. When well-polished steel is heated above 200 degrees, it changes from yellow to purple, and at around 300 degrees, it changes from violet to blue. This is what is referred to as temper colors, which are very thin iron oxide films. At this level, the oxide film actually provides corrosion resistance and has beautiful colors, so it is often used as a surface treatment for springs without causing any harm. However, as the temperature gradually increases, this thin oxide film gradually grows thicker. *For more detailed information, please refer to the PDF. For further inquiries, feel free to contact us.*

• Spring

Last time, we studied that if we know the tensile strength of a material, we can estimate the approximate fatigue limit, and that this fatigue limit cannot be used as is. From this time onward, we will explain the factors that influence fatigue strength for a while. Have you encountered any mechanical parts in your daily handling that have broken due to fatigue failure, as we have studied so far? Please pay attention to where the starting point of fatigue cracks is. Usually, don't they start from places like keyways, oil holes, threads, abrupt changes in cross-section, or welds? *You can view the detailed content of the article in the PDF. For more information, please feel free to contact us.

• Spring

Once upon a time, there was a story called "Monkusho Taro." It is said that he was so lazy that he would lie around all day and even relied on others to pick up the rice cakes he dropped. However, in the end, he achieved great success and was enshrined as a deity. Now, even if one does not achieve success or become a god, it can be tedious to go through exhausting tests that require both effort and time. Therefore, for those like Monkusho Taro, let’s study methods for estimating fatigue limits. This is based on the idea that there may be some relationship between fatigue limits and static strength, which many scholars are seeking to understand. The results indicate that there is a certain degree of correlation, but the variability is also quite large. The variability is not limited to just fatigue strength. *For more detailed information, please refer to the PDF. Feel free to contact us for more details.*

• Spring

The fracture surface of the fatigue test specimen, like that of an actual fatigue fracture, exhibits both smooth and rough surfaces. The difference is that, in many cases, the smooth surface does not show the shell-like patterns resembling tree rings. This is because the testing machine applies a constant repeated stress, preventing the progression of cracks from exhibiting a step-like pattern. The shell-like patterns that form on the fatigue fracture surface of automotive springs occur due to variations in the weight of the load or changes in road conditions, which cause fluctuations in the repeated stress. Additionally, there are instances where the smooth fracture surface of the test specimen appears discolored purple; this is due to temper colors resulting from frictional heat generated by the rubbing of the crack surfaces. *For more detailed information, please refer to the PDF. Feel free to contact us for further inquiries.*

• Spring

How is the fatigue strength of materials tested? Today, let's study fatigue testing. Fatigue testing involves applying fluctuating stress to a material of a certain dimension and determining the number of cycles it can withstand before failure. So, how is this actually conducted? Typically, round bars or plates are used as test specimens. There are many types of fatigue testing machines, categorized by their specific purposes, and they can be organized based on the type of load applied repeatedly, as follows. *For detailed content, please refer to the PDF. For more information, feel free to contact us.*

• Spring

I am studying the "fatigue strength of spring materials," and today, let's explore the characteristics of the fracture surface that occurs due to fatigue failure, how it forms, and how it differs from other fracture surfaces, specifically the features of fatigue fracture surfaces. When a material fails under static loading, it can either break after undergoing significant plastic deformation or fail with little to no plastic deformation. The former is referred to as ductile fracture, as seen in the fracture of mild steel during tensile testing, while the latter is known as brittle fracture, observed in the fracture of hardened high-carbon steel or gray cast iron during tensile testing. *For detailed content of the article, please refer to the PDF. For more information, feel free to contact us.*

• Spring

In the last session, we started with a method for cutting wire by hand and studied fatigue testing methods, but we will continue with the lessons. As you know, springs are used in a very different way compared to general mechanical components. This is evident at a glance, as springs are often significantly bent or undergo intense stretching and contracting movements. The fact that springs are used in this manner means that they are subjected to much larger static and dynamic stresses compared to the design stresses of general mechanical components. *For detailed content of the article, you can view it in the PDF. Please feel free to contact us for more information.*

• Spring

Now, if you were to cut a wire without any tools, what would you do? That's right, even children know this. Hold the wire with your left hand and patiently bend it back and forth with your right hand, and after a few times, the wire will break. This is obviously important when investigating the various properties of materials. Now, let's try to improve this wire cutting method a bit more academically. In other words, let's clamp the wire in a vise and add a curve where the wire touches the edge of the vise when it is bent back and forth. *For more detailed information, please refer to the PDF. Feel free to contact us for more details.*

• Spring

The research institute acquired the Rockwell and Vickers hardness testing machines in Showa year 3 and year 10, respectively. Since they were purchased ten years after the invention of the testing machines, it cannot be said that their acquisition was particularly early. It is likely that both testing machines also made their way into the Japanese spring manufacturing industry around this time. Research on the domestic production of piano wire was promoted around Showa year 13, and machines like Vickers greatly contributed to this research. Currently, the National Railways measures the hardness of each leaf spring individually, but this practice began in Showa year 27, which is why Brinell hardness testing machines were installed simultaneously in all National Railways factories that year. *For detailed content of the article, please refer to the PDF. For more information, feel free to contact us.

• Spring

Last time, we talked about JES and JIS, but this time let's trace the technical history of the Showa era. I gave it a confusing title like "one-stage or two-stage," but in fact, since the late Taisho period, the method of hardening spring plates has been a significant issue for the National Railways, so let me introduce the background. The term "one-stage hardening," which was used at that time (the Taisho period), refers to what we now call "austenitizing hardening," while "two-stage hardening" refers to the process of hardening and tempering. In this regard, the terminology used in heat treatment was incorrect, so although I wrote "one-stage" and "two-stage" in the title for this preparatory school, I will use the correct terms: "austenitizing hardening" for the former and "hardening and tempering" for the latter. *You can view the detailed content of the article in the PDF. For more information, please feel free to contact us.

• Spring

Last time, we studied the automotive and aircraft industries that form the background of the spring industry during the Showa period. Continuing from that, this time we will have a lesson on the spring industry during the Showa period. One characteristic of the Showa period that must be addressed is the establishment of various standards and specifications. The establishment of such standards can be seen as evidence of the advancement of research into industrial products. For example, regarding the Japanese National Railways, specifications for carbon steel materials for vehicle springs, wire springs for cushions, and wire and plates of phosphor bronze for springs were established in 1928. In 1930, specifications for hard-drawn steel wire for springs were established, followed by specifications for leaf springs and steel wire springs in the following year. *For detailed content of the article, you can view it in the PDF. For more information, please feel free to contact us.

• Spring

Last time, we got sidetracked with the discussion about the new type of Katasa testing machine, but we are finally entering the history of springs in the Showa period. Since the Showa period is quite recent, I believe many of you are already familiar with various aspects, so let's study quickly. The spring industry, having inherited the developments of the late Taisho period, continued to thrive, and undoubtedly, the contributions of automobiles and airplanes were significant, so this time we will focus our study on this topic. As mentioned before, the entry of American automobile manufacturing into Japan from the late Taisho to the early Showa period stimulated the existing three companies in Japan to start full-scale production. *For detailed content of the article, please refer to the PDF. For more information, feel free to contact us.*

• Spring

Last time, we studied the advancement of automobiles and the development of the spring industry in the late Taisho period. Now we are entering the Showa period, but two new hardness testing machines were invented in the late Taisho period, which I previously omitted, so I will explain them here. I mentioned earlier that the Brinell hardness tester was invented in 1900, followed by the Shore hardness tester six years later. A little later, in 1919 (the 8th year of Taisho), the Rockwell hardness tester was developed, and six years after that, in 1925 (the 14th year of Taisho), the Vickers hardness tester was invented. Looking at this, we can see that Brinell and Shore were born in the late Meiji period, while Rockwell and Vickers were born in the late Taisho period. *For detailed content of the article, please refer to the PDF. For more information, feel free to contact us.

• Spring

In the previous discussion, we talked about the beginning of domestic production of spring materials in the early Taisho period, and how various manufacturing facilities and testing equipment were established, leading to a significant leap forward. This time, let's continue with the late Taisho period. By the early Taisho period, the main railway lines were mostly constructed, and streetcars were operating in large cities; however, it was still the era of horse-drawn carriages and rickshaws. During this time, bicycles and automobiles were rapidly gaining popularity. However, while bicycles were becoming common, automobiles were still vehicles for the privileged class, and it was not yet the case that everyone could have one, as is the case today. Nevertheless, as vehicles changed, it was inevitable that springs would also change, and spring manufacturers had no choice but to start producing automobile springs. *For more detailed information, please refer to the PDF. Feel free to contact us for further inquiries.*

• Spring

In the previous discussion, we talked about how the spring manufacturing industry modernized in the late Meiji period, and how other related industries made remarkable progress. Now, let's study the development process of the early Taisho period. In the late Meiji period, there were printing machine companies that were winding springs, and there is a story that when spring manufacturers went to take orders, they boasted that they could also wind springs. This was because the manufacturing of springs at that time was a closely guarded secret, and even if something was considered good, there were no methods to investigate it. *For detailed content of the article, please refer to the PDF. For more information, feel free to contact us.*

• Spring

The birth of Japan's spring industry, as mentioned last time, began with carriage springs. Even today, about a hundred years after the Meiji era, spring manufacturers are making a living from automobiles, which are a transformation of carriages, so we must be grateful to carriages. So, when did carriages, which have been so beneficial to Japan's spring industry, arrive in Japan? According to records, they began operating as public carriages in the Keihin area in 1869 (the second year of the Meiji era), and by the seventh year of Meiji, they were also operating in Tokyo. The number of these public carriages was only 319 in the eighth year of Meiji, but by around the time of the Russo-Japanese War, 38 years later, it had increased to 6,631, which is quite significant. *For more detailed information, please refer to the PDF. For further inquiries, feel free to contact us.*

• Spring

Today, let's study the last remaining Shore hardness testing machine. This hardness testing machine is called a rebound type, and it is completely different from the previous indentation hardness testing machines. The rebound type means that when a golf ball is dropped onto the floor, it bounces back, but the height of the bounce changes depending on the type of floor. For example, if you place a towel on the floor, the bounce height will be different. In other words, when a ball is dropped from a certain height, it will bounce back higher on a hard floor and lower on a soft floor. The Shore testing machine applies this principle. *For more detailed information, please refer to the PDF. If you have any questions, feel free to contact us.*

• Spring

The Katasasa testing machine is primarily differentiated by the size of the spring. ■ Brinell: Used for relatively large items among leaf springs and coil springs. ■ Vickers and Rockwell: Used for medium to small items such as thin plate springs and wire springs, and are also convenient for measuring hardening depth and decarburization depth. ■ Shore: Used for large to medium-sized springs that have been surface-finished, but unlike the previous three, it is characterized by not leaving indentations. Please make sure to use them appropriately, such as not using a deba knife to cut mudfish or a sashimi knife to cut salmon heads. Now, let's focus on the Brinell method among the push-in Katasasa testing machines. If you remember Brinell, Vickers and Rockwell are quite similar, so the points to pay attention to are also similar. *For detailed content of the article, you can view it in the PDF. For more information, please feel free to contact us.

• Spring

The method of measuring hardness can now be done using testing machines as mentioned above, but what does the term "hardness" generally express? It often represents not only the degree of resistance to diamond but also characteristics such as being difficult to deform, hard to cut, prone to wear, and so on, which are commonly referred to as the mechanical properties of materials represented by the term hardness. Therefore, there is also a term "spring hardness," and nowadays, it conjures the image of a very strong and elastic spring. *For detailed content of the article, you can view it in the PDF. Please feel free to contact us for more information.*

• Spring

From now on, I will borrow this space for a while to establish the Spring Preparatory School. Difficult subjects will be learned after entering a regular university, so here is a preparatory school where you can study casually. Typically, preparatory schools tend to have a gray mood, but in that regard, our school, aptly named Spring, offers a warm and pleasant atmosphere. Feel free to enjoy a few minutes of lessons in any style you like. That said, since we are receiving payment for the newspaper, let's start with a solid and serious discussion. *You can view the detailed content of the article in the PDF. For more information, please feel free to contact us.*

• Spring

This document introduces the revolutionary product "Accurate Tungsten Insert," which is a metal insert. It provides detailed information about its mechanism, strengths, and comparisons with other inserts. Additionally, specific products such as metric-free and metric locking tools are also included, so please take a moment to read through it. [Contents (excerpt)] ■Characteristics ■Part number description ■Metric-free ■Metric locking ■Metric bronze ■Metric taping packaging *For more details, please download the PDF or feel free to contact us.

• Other metal materials

This is an introduction to the stock sales site "Accurate Net Store" for springs, fasteners, and special screws.

• others

This is the specification for the tensile coil springs in the "Ultra Spring" series.

• Spring

The battery springs are available in both wire spring types for AA and AAA batteries, as well as flat spring types. The wire spring type is made of nickel-plated steel wire, taking soldering into consideration. As they are standard products, there are no initial costs (mold costs) involved.

• Spring

The battery springs are available in both wire spring types for AA and AAA batteries, as well as flat spring types. The wire spring type is made from nickel-plated steel wire, taking soldering into consideration. As these are standard products, there are no initial costs (mold costs) involved.

• Spring

New specifications: Left-hand winding version added.

• Spring

Unlike wire springs, leaf springs, and clock springs, this is a constant load and constant torque spring that always provides a constant output and torque regardless of the stroke amount.

• Spring

It is a long spring tightly wound with a length of 500mm.

• Spring

We prevent poor screw tightening and resolve issues at the screw tightening site. While maintaining compatibility with conventional cross screws, we have improved torque transmission efficiency, achieving stable screw tightening with less force.

• nut

"See! Touch! Choose!" In the spring showroom, you can look at and touch various samples and demo units, such as Ultra Springs (original standard springs) and Accurate Tangless Inserts, while consulting with spring professionals to make your selection. By viewing nearby application examples, you may find ideas and hints for your own projects.

• nut

The Accurate Tangless Insert reduces the working time of conventional products (Heli-Coil) to one-sixth, and is a revolutionary NAS-certified metal insert that achieves cost reduction for screw hole operations in aluminum cutting and resin materials, used in industries such as aerospace, high-speed rail, semiconductor manufacturing equipment, and medical devices.

• Other work tools

No need for delivery management (same-day shipping until 3 PM). You can rest assured with prototypes and urgent repairs. Since spring design and drawing management are unnecessary, significant time savings can be achieved. Low-cost support from prototypes (1 pack) to mass production at unit prices per lot. No standard discontinuation for 20 years! We will not discontinue in the future either. Future maintenance support is also guaranteed.

• Spring

This is an index arranged in order of outer diameter, classifying ultra springs by material. It includes classifications of compression coil springs and tension coil springs by material and outer diameter.

• Spring