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When looking at programming books and compiler manuals, terms like "heap area" and "stack area" come up. What exactly are these? In the embedded world, the addresses and sizes of sections are generally determined at the time the program or OS is compiled, and the addresses or sizes of sections do not change during operation. In contrast, "heap area" and "stack area" refer to memory that is temporarily used within the program, and they typically belong to some part of a section in RAM. *For more detailed content of the column, you can view it through the related links. Please feel free to contact us for more information.*

• Other embedded systems (software and hardware)

Using a USB controller as an example, I will explain the specific operation of DMA transfers. Let's consider a case where a write operation is performed on the built-in FIFO of a DMA slave-type USB controller using a general-purpose DMAC. Typically, the capacity of the FIFO built into a USB controller is not very large, generally accommodating only about two packets at most. *For detailed content of the column, you can view it from the related links. Please feel free to contact us for more information.*

• Other embedded systems (software and hardware)

When we are commissioned to develop software on the customer's hardware, we often hear, "We want you to implement DMA support to improve transfer performance." What exactly does "DMA support" entail? I will explain the overview of DMA transfer, how to implement device drivers, and points to be cautious about. *For detailed content of the column, you can view it through the related links. Please feel free to contact us for more information.*

• Other embedded systems (software and hardware)

This time, let's talk about the technology that determines whether the data itself has been forged or tampered with. In addition to using public key cryptography to prove "this document was indeed written by the person," there is another method called a message digest. Another area that has recently garnered a lot of attention is cryptographic technology for copyright protection. This includes scrambling in paid broadcasts and copy protection technology for digital terrestrial broadcasting. This might actually be more familiar to us. *For more details on the column, you can view it through the related links. For further inquiries, please feel free to contact us.*

• Other embedded systems (software and hardware)

When it comes to security, many people might think of encryption. Indeed, we often hear stories about "encryption being broken," and there is a common misconception that increasing encryption strength equates to robust security. However, what is actually more important than whether or not to encrypt is "authentication." There is also a term similar to security, which is safety, and I know that recently, terms like functional safety and product safety have been gaining attention in Japanese. What I will discuss from now on is the safety aspect of "security." Let's first consider the security system of an apartment building. *For more details on the column, you can view it through the related links. Please feel free to contact us for more information.*

• Other embedded systems (software and hardware)

One of the major tasks in embedded systems is the development of programs (device drivers) that directly control hardware (devices). This is a field where experience speaks more than in application development, and due to the essential knowledge of hardware, it could be said that this is, in a sense, the essence of embedded systems. Even though we refer to "devices" in general, there are many devices surrounding the CPU these days. This means that we must develop a wide variety of device drivers. *For detailed content of the column, you can view it through the related links. For more information, please feel free to contact us.*

• Other embedded systems (software and hardware)

In the world of computers, you may have some awareness of a technology called cache, which is used to speed up processing. Cache is used in various places, and applications typically do not need to be aware of its existence. This time, I will explain about "cache"! *You can view the detailed content of the column through the related links. For more information, please feel free to contact us.*

• Other embedded systems (software and hardware)

When customers are considering embedded middleware products, a frequently asked question is, "What is the code size?" What should I answer when asked about "code size"? In this context, code size refers to "the amount of memory required to store the program" when the middleware product is embedded in the hardware. *For more detailed information, you can view the related links. Please feel free to contact us for more details.*

• Other embedded systems (software and hardware)

Not only in the case of embedded devices, but also when running software on a computer (CPU), exceptions may occur. But what exactly is an "exception"? In the world of computers, an exception refers to a state where normal processing cannot continue. *For more detailed information, you can view the related links. Please feel free to contact us for more details.*

• Other embedded systems (software and hardware)

You know that compilers have optimization options, right? There are various types of optimizations, such as those related to code size and those related to execution speed. However, sometimes compiler optimizations can cause issues, leading embedded software to malfunction. *For more details on the column, you can view it through the related links. Please feel free to contact us for more information.*

• Other embedded systems (software and hardware)

You may have heard the news that "a security hole has been found," but do you know what it means? A security hole refers to a "gap in software" that can be exploited. Among these, the most common type is something called "buffer overflow." When a buffer overflow occurs, there is a risk that arbitrary code can be executed, making it a very dangerous vulnerability. *For more details on the column, you can view it through the related links. Please feel free to contact us for more information.*

• Other embedded systems (software and hardware)

Let's start by explaining some important points regarding stack memory. In a multitasking environment, multiple tasks operate concurrently. This means that each task is executing separate functions independently. To achieve this, stack memory is allocated separately for each task. *For detailed content of the column, you can view it through the related links. For more information, please feel free to contact us.*

• Other embedded systems (software and hardware)

You might have heard a conversation like, "I took a day off from work yesterday because I caught a cold, so my work got stacked up." The term "stacked" means "to pile up," so it's relatively easy to visualize. However, in the embedded industry, it is used in the following ways: "The stack overflowed and caused an exception." "What should the stack size for this task be?" "Can't we get a stack trace?" ...It feels quite different. What do these phrases mean? *For more details on the column, you can view it through the related links. Please feel free to contact us for more information.*

• Other embedded systems (software and hardware)

You've heard the term "multitasking," right? For example, it can be used in industry-specific contexts like "performing development, design, and administrative tasks through multitasking" or "if you can handle customer support through multitasking, you're considered competent." Multitasking also plays a very important role when creating programs, but what exactly is multitasking in the first place? *You can view the detailed content of the column through the related link. For more information, please feel free to contact us.*

• Other embedded systems (software and hardware)

When looking at specifications for devices and software, the term "endian" often comes up. This time, I will explain what endian means and what precautions need to be taken when creating programs and circuit boards based on endian. In the embedded world, various CPUs are used depending on the application, so it is necessary to be aware of endian as well. *For more detailed content of the column, you can view it through the related links. Please feel free to contact us for more information.

• Other embedded systems (software and hardware)

This time, the topic is about CPUs. In the world of computers, Intel-based CPUs like Pentium and Celeron are overwhelmingly famous, but in reality, there are many more types of CPUs. These types are referred to as CPU architectures, and in the current world of computers, they can be broadly divided into two categories: Intel-based and PowerPC-based. *For detailed content of the column, you can view it through the related links. For more information, please feel free to contact us.*

• Other embedded systems (software and hardware)

How does everyone debug the programs they create? Using printf() to display logs and check if the configuration values and sequences are as designed is the quickest way. However, in embedded development, it's not that easy to use printf(). First, there are cases where the function itself is not provided. For example, it is not included in the specifications of μITRON, an OS that is very commonly used in Japan. *You can view the detailed content of the column through the related links. For more information, please feel free to contact us.*

• Other embedded systems (software and hardware)

It is not an exaggeration to say that current computer systems cannot be realized without "interrupts." In particular, programming that makes full use of "interrupts" is essential in embedded systems. This time, I would like to introduce what "interrupts" are, along with the contrasting method known as "polling." *For detailed content of the column, you can view it through the related links. For more information, please feel free to contact us.*

• Other embedded systems (software and hardware)

In the world of embedded systems, the ability to handle binary and hexadecimal numbers quickly and accurately is one of the very important skills. In various situations, the ability to instantly convert between binary, decimal, and hexadecimal is required. Making mistakes in this area can lead directly to bugs, and if you have to think about it every time, it won't be feasible for work. *For more details on the column, you can view it through the related links. Please feel free to contact us for more information.*

• Other embedded systems (software and hardware)

Our company provides IoT solutions and software for embedded systems in various fields. The embedded system software "MatrixQuest Series" is a product developed from scratch based on standards/specifications. It offers functionalities centered around communication, such as USB (host/function), Wi-Fi, TCP/IP, file systems, and SD host drivers, and also develops ECHONET Lite and OpenADR in-house. Additionally, with the cooperation of many partner companies, we offer a variety of products including the deep learning framework "KAIBER," embedded fonts "DynaFont," Bluetooth, and real-time operating systems. We also provide support for Wi-Fi certification, BlueZ, Bluedroid compatibility, wireless certification, and SIG certification acquisition.

• Software (middle, driver, security, etc.)
• Routers, Switches, and Hubs
• Thermography

【Overview】 1. High Portability Designed to facilitate easy combinations with various wireless LAN drivers. 2. Supports WPA/WPA2 - WPA-PSK/WPA2-PSK - WPA-1X/WPA2-1X 3. Supports numerous authentication protocols - EAP-TLS - EAP-PEAP - EAP-TTLS - EAP-FAST (planned support)

• Software (middle, driver, security, etc.)

"Compatible with wireless LAN modules from various companies" - Manufacturers with signed contracts: Qualcomm Infineon (formerly Cypress) NXP Semiconductors (formerly Marvell) RealTek Broadcom Airoha - Manufacturers scheduled for contract signing* MediaTek (can be contracted on a case-by-case basis) ROHM Others

• Software (middle, driver, security, etc.)
• Wireless LAN

【Features】 - Supports USB 2.0 HighSpeed - Supports control transfer, bulk transfer, and interrupt transfer - Complies with USB Interface Association Descriptor (IAD) and supports multiple interfaces (optional) - Supports the following class drivers: - MSC (BOT/SCSI) - CDC - RNDIS - SIC - MTP - Provides sample programs compatible with Microsoft Windows Hardware Compatibility Test (HCT 12.1 kit) - Achieves high portability by completely separating system-dependent parts - Easy debugging with a variety of logging functions *Also supports USB 3.0 functions.

• Software (middle, driver, security, etc.)

【Features】 - Supports FAT12, FAT16, and FAT32 used in DOS, Windows 3.1, Windows 95/98/XP, and Windows 2000 - Can specify on a volume basis - Data exchange with Windows NT is possible using FAT12/16 - Compatible with VFAT and supports long file names. Supports Japanese file and directory names that include half-width kana - Achieves optimal memory size through various configurations - Allows specification of cache size on a volume basis for FAT, directories, and data - Except for initialization and mounting processes, provides a normal file operation image from the application perspective - Supports removable media - Standard tools for logical formatting and DOS partition creation are provided - Can be easily used with USB memory and other devices when combined with MatrixQuestUSB

• Software (middle, driver, security, etc.)

**Features** - Compliance with major RFCs (Request for Comments) - Dual-stack structure for IPv4/v6, allowing independent implementation through configuration - IPv6 Ready Logo Phase 2 (Core, IPsec obtained, DHCPv6 planned) - Compliance with the Simple Server level of DOD (U.S. Department of Defense) IPv6 Standard Profiles - Compact code size - High-speed design with minimized internal copies - Multi-homing capability - Configurable embedded protocols - Available for sale with IPv4 only - Standard IPsec attachment - Support for IPsec accelerator (Renesas SH7672) - Multicast support - MIB-2 interface support

• Software (middle, driver, security, etc.)

**Features** - Compliant with USB 2.0 - Allows star-type connections up to 6 levels through a HUB, enabling connection of 1 host and up to 127 targets - Supports a mix of high-speed (480Mbps), full-speed (12Mbps), and low-speed (1.5Mbps) - Supports control transfer, bulk transfer, interrupt transfer, and isochronous transfer - Supports root HUB driver - Compatible with hot-plugging and plug-and-play for connected devices - Provides standard class drivers for keyboard/mouse (HID), printers, and HUBs - Enables independent memory management from other applications - Allows dynamic registration of class drivers - Achieves high portability by completely separating system-dependent parts - Facilitates debugging with a variety of logging functions *Also compatible with USB 3.0*

• Software (middle, driver, security, etc.)

**Features** - Compact size Designed for embedded use, achieving a very compact size unlike OpenSSL and others. - Support for cryptography Supports public key cryptographic algorithms and symmetric key cryptographic algorithms. Supports message digests. Supports X.509 format certificates. - Supports both server and client. - Support for connections via proxy Allows connections through HTTP Proxy when using client functionality.

• Software (middle, driver, security, etc.)

**Features** 1. Easy setup function for wireless LAN It allows for easy setup with access points that have obtained WPS certification, regardless of the manufacturer. 2. High portability Designed to facilitate combinations with various wireless LAN drivers. 3. Supports WPA/WPA2 (supplicant only) By combining with the proven separate product "MatrixQuestWLAN/wpa," WPS functionality is realized. - Supports WPA-PSK/WPA2-PSK - Supports WPA-1X/WPA2-1X 4. Supports WPS (Enrollee) - EAP-TLS - EAP-PEAP 5. Supports both PIN code method and push button method 6. Supports numerous authentication protocols - EAP-TLS - EAP-PEAP - EAP-TTLS - EAP-FAST (planned support) - EAP-WSC

• Software (middle, driver, security, etc.)