タイヨーインタナショナル List of Products and Services

The ARO company's diaphragm pump for powder transfer is a product that achieves low-cost, rapid, and clean powder transportation compared to conventional dry process fluid transport systems. By directly transferring from powder containers, it reduces the risk of foreign matter contamination from the air. The patented air induction system avoids the risk of powder pack-out. It is capable of transporting materials such as carbon black, silica, silicon, acrylic resin, 3D printing powder, and pharmaceuticals, with a dry weight of up to 721 kg/m3. 【Features】 - Portable between sites - Contributes to the automation of powder transfer - Achieves low-cost, rapid, and clean powder transportation, etc. *For more details, please refer to the materials. Feel free to contact us with any inquiries.

• Other pumps
• Special Pump
• Syringe Pump

The ARO diaphragm pump made of SUS316L, which pursues reliability and efficiency, can be safely used in the pharmaceutical and food industries where hygiene is a priority. It features a Quick Knock Down (QKD) clamp system, making cleaning and maintenance easy, while providing high reliability and a long product lifespan. This allows for cleaning and maintenance in minimal time, contributing to reduced working hours. 【Application Examples】 Food, beverages, cosmetics, pharmaceuticals 【Features】 ■ Safety: Fluid caps and manifolds are made of electropolished SUS316L, and all components comply with FDA standards. ■ Reliability: The EXP air valve design achieves low total cycle costs and high flow rates. ■ Maintainability: Easy maintenance with clamp connections, compatible with high-temperature CIP cleaning.

• Other pumps
• Special Pump
• Syringe Pump

【"Original" Intermediate Stop Prevention Diaphragm Pump】 Equipped with ARO's patented "unbalanced" air valve. Guarantees pump shifts without intermediate stops using only air. 【Solving Freezing Problems】 ARO's "Quick Dump" exhaust valve allows for continuous operation by dispersing cold, moist exhaust away from pathways prone to freezing, preventing the valve from freezing. (Adopted in 2" and 3" models) 【Abundant Options】 Offers a wide range of material options for parts and can accommodate material changes for parts only. Provides cost-effective maintenance solutions for issues like wear and adhesion with standard products.

• Flow Control
• Positive Displacement Pump

【"Original" Intermediate Stop Prevention Diaphragm Pump】 Equipped with ARO's patented "unbalanced" air valve. Guarantees pump shifts without intermediate stops using only air. 【Solving Freezing Issues】 ARO's "Quick Dump" exhaust valve allows continuous operation by dispersing cold, moist exhaust away from pathways prone to freezing, preventing the valve from freezing. (Adopted in 2" and 3" models) 【Abundant Options】 Offers a wide range of material options for parts and can accommodate material changes for parts alone. Provides cost-effective maintenance solutions for issues like wear and adhesion with standard products.

• Other pumps
• Flow Control

【"Original" Intermediate Stop Prevention Diaphragm Pump】 Equipped with ARO's patented "unbalanced" air valve. Guarantees pump shifts without intermediate stops using only air. 【Solving Freezing Issues】 ARO's "Quick Dump" exhaust valve allows for continuous operation by dispersing cold, moist exhaust away from pathways prone to freezing, preventing the valve from freezing. (Adopted in 2" and 3" models) 【Abundant Options】 Offers a wide range of material options for parts and can accommodate material changes for parts only. Provides cost-effective maintenance solutions for issues like wear and adhesion with standard products.

• Other pumps
• Flow Control

【"Original" Intermediate Stop Diaphragm Pump】 Equipped with ARO's patented "unbalanced" air valve. Guarantees pump shifts without intermediate stops using only air. 【Solving Freezing Issues】 ARO's "Quick Dump" exhaust valve allows for continuous operation without freezing the valve by dispersing cold, moist exhaust away from susceptible passages. (Adopted in 2" and 3" models) 【Abundant Options】 Offers a wide range of material options for components and can accommodate material changes for parts alone. Provides cost-effective maintenance solutions for issues such as wear and adhesion with standard products.

• Other pumps
• Flow Control

【"Original" Intermediate Stop Diaphragm Pump】 Equipped with ARO's patented "unbalanced" air valve. Guarantees pump shifts without intermediate stops using only air. 【Solving Freezing Issues】 ARO's "Quick Dump" exhaust valve allows for continuous operation by dispersing cold, moist exhaust away from pathways prone to freezing, preventing the valve from freezing. (Adopted in 2" and 3" models) 【Abundant Options】 Offers a wide range of material options for parts and can accommodate material changes for parts only. Provides cost-effective maintenance solutions for issues like wear and adhesion with standard products.

• Other pumps
• Flow Control

【"Original" Intermediate Stop Prevention Diaphragm Pump】 Equipped with ARO's patented "unbalanced" air valve. Guarantees pump shifts without intermediate stops using only air. 【Solving Freezing Issues】 ARO's "Quick Dump" exhaust valve allows for continuous operation by dispersing cold, moist exhaust away from pathways prone to freezing, preventing the valve from freezing. (Adopted in 2" and 3" models) 【Abundant Options】 Offers a wide range of material options for parts and can accommodate material changes for parts only. Provides cost-effective maintenance solutions for issues like wear and adhesion with standard products.

• Other pumps
• Flow Control
• Wastewater/wastewater treatment equipment

【"Original" Intermediate Stop Prevention Diaphragm Pump】 Equipped with ARO's patented "unbalanced" air valve. Guarantees pump shifts without intermediate stops using only air. 【Solving Freezing Issues】 ARO's "Quick Dump" exhaust valve allows for continuous operation by diffusing cold, moist exhaust away from pathways prone to freezing, preventing the valve from freezing. (Adopted in 2" and 3" models) 【Abundant Options】 We have a wide range of material options for parts and can accommodate material changes for parts alone. We provide cost-effective maintenance solutions for issues such as wear and adhesion with standard products.

• Other pumps
• Flow Control
• Wastewater/wastewater treatment equipment

"Original" Intermediate Stop Prevention Diaphragm Pump Equipped with ARO's patented "unbalanced" air valve. Guarantees pump shifts without intermediate stops using only air. Solving Freezing Problems ARO's "Quick Dump" exhaust valve allows for continuous operation by dispersing cold, moist exhaust away from pathways prone to freezing, preventing the valve from freezing. (Adopted in 2" and 3" models) Abundant Options We offer a wide range of material options for parts and can accommodate material changes for parts alone. We provide cost-effective maintenance solutions for issues such as wear and adhesion with standard products.

• Other pumps
• Flow Control
• Wastewater/wastewater treatment equipment

【"Original" Intermediate Stop Prevention Diaphragm Pump】 Equipped with ARO's patented "unbalanced" air valve. Guarantees pump shifts without intermediate stops using only air. 【Solving Freezing Issues】 ARO's "Quick Dump" exhaust valve allows for continuous operation by dispersing cold, moist exhaust away from pathways prone to freezing, preventing the valve from freezing. (Adopted in 2" and 3" models) 【Abundant Options】 Offers a wide range of material options for parts and can accommodate material changes for parts alone. Provides cost-effective maintenance solutions for issues like wear and adhesion with standard products.

• Other pumps
• Flow Control
• Wastewater/wastewater treatment equipment

ARO Diaphragm Pump EXP Series 【Productivity】 Maximum flow + minimum pulsation and low air consumption = maximum performance! 【Versatility】 Multiple port options and interface options are available. Can be customized to fit individual specific applications. 【Reliability】 Both the main air valve and the simultaneous shift (pilot valve) utilize oil-free differential valves, achieving high reliability. 【Environmental Conservation】 A wide range of material options and a bolted structure ensure excellent chemical resistance and leak-free operation.

• Other pumps
• Flow Control
• Wastewater/wastewater treatment equipment

ARO Diaphragm Pump EXP Series 【Productivity】 Maximum flow + minimum pulsation and low air consumption = maximum performance! 【Versatility】 Multiple port options and interface options are available. Can be customized to fit individual specific applications. 【Reliability】 Both the main air valve and the simultaneous shift (pilot valve) utilize oil-free differential valves, achieving high reliability. 【Environmental Friendliness】 A wide range of material options and a bolted structure ensure excellent chemical resistance and leak-free operation. 【Ease of Maintenance】 Due to its modular design, the number of parts is minimized, and a user-friendly repair kit guarantees minimal repair time and low repair costs.

• Other pumps
• Flow Control
• Wastewater/wastewater treatment equipment

ARO Diaphragm Pump EXP Series 【Productivity】 Maximum flow + minimum pulsation and low air consumption = maximum performance! 【Versatility】 Multiple port options and interface options are available. Can be customized to fit individual specific applications. 【Reliability】 Both the main air valve and the simultaneous shift (pilot valve) utilize oil-free differential valves, achieving high reliability. 【Environmental Friendliness】 A wide range of material options and a bolted structure ensure excellent chemical resistance and leak-free operation. 【Ease of Maintenance】 The modular design results in fewer parts, and the user-friendly repair kit guarantees minimal repair time and low repair costs.

• Other pumps
• Flow Control
• Wastewater/wastewater treatment equipment

ARO Diaphragm Pump EXP Series 【Productivity】 Maximum flow rate + minimum pulsation and low air consumption = maximum performance! 【Versatility】 Multiple port options and interface options are available. Can be customized to fit individual specific applications. 【Reliability】 Both the main air valve and the simultaneous shift (pilot valve) utilize oil-free differential valves, achieving high reliability. 【Environmental Friendliness】 A wide range of material options and a bolted structure ensure excellent chemical resistance and leak-free operation. 【Ease of Maintenance】 The modular design results in fewer parts, and the user-friendly repair kit guarantees minimal repair time and low repair costs.

• Other pumps
• Flow Control
• Wastewater/wastewater treatment equipment

ARO Diaphragm Pump EXP Series 【Productivity】 Maximum flow + minimum pulsation and low air consumption = maximum performance! 【Versatility】 Multiple port options and interface options are available. Can be customized to fit individual specific applications. 【Reliability】 Both the main air valve and the simultaneous shift (pilot valve) utilize oil-free differential valves, achieving high reliability. 【Environmental Conservation】 A wide range of material options and a bolted structure ensure excellent chemical resistance and leak-free operation. 【Ease of Maintenance】 The modular design results in fewer parts, and the user-friendly repair kit guarantees minimal repair time and low repair costs.

• Other pumps
• Flow Control
• Wastewater/wastewater treatment equipment

ARO Diaphragm Pump EXP Series 【Productivity】 Maximum flow + minimum pulsation and low air consumption = maximum performance! 【Versatility】 Multiple port options and interface options are available. Customization to fit individual specific applications is possible. 【Reliability】 Both the main air valve and the simultaneous shift (pilot valve) utilize oil-free differential valves, achieving high reliability. 【Environmental Conservation】 A wide range of material options and a bolted structure ensure excellent chemical resistance and leak-free operation. 【Ease of Maintenance】 The modular design results in fewer parts, and the user-friendly repair kit guarantees minimal repair time and low repair costs.

• Other pumps
• Flow Control
• Wastewater/wastewater treatment equipment

ARO Diaphragm Pump EXP Series 【Productivity】 Maximum flow + minimum pulsation and low air consumption = maximum performance! 【Versatility】 Multiple port options and interface options are available. Can be customized to suit individual specific applications. 【Reliability】 Both the main air valve and the simultaneous shift (pilot valve) utilize oil-free differential valves, achieving high reliability. 【Environmental Conservation】 A wide range of material options and a bolted structure ensure excellent chemical resistance and leak-free operation. 【Ease of Maintenance】 The modular structure results in fewer parts, and the user-friendly repair kit guarantees minimal repair time and low repair costs.

• Other pumps
• Flow Control
• Wastewater/wastewater treatment equipment

ARO Diaphragm Pump EXP Series 【Productivity】 Maximum flow + minimum pulsation and low air consumption = maximum performance! 【Versatility】 Multiple port options and interface options are available. Can be customized to fit individual specific applications. 【Reliability】 Both the main air valve and the simultaneous shift (pilot valve) utilize oil-free differential valves, achieving high reliability. 【Environmental Conservation】 A wide range of material options and a bolted structure ensure excellent chemical resistance and leak-free operation. 【Ease of Maintenance】 The modular structure results in fewer parts, and the user-friendly repair kit guarantees minimal repair time and low repair costs.

• Other pumps
• Flow Control
• Wastewater/wastewater treatment equipment

ARO Diaphragm Pump EXP Series 【Productivity】 Maximum flow + minimum pulsation and low air consumption = maximum performance! 【Versatility】 Multiple port options and interface options are available. Can be customized to suit individual specific applications. 【Reliability】 Both the main air valve and the simultaneous shift (pilot valve) utilize oil-free differential valves, achieving high reliability. 【Environmental Conservation】 A wide range of material options and a bolted structure ensure excellent chemical resistance and leak-free operation. 【Ease of Maintenance】 Due to its modular structure, the number of parts is minimized, and with an easy-to-use repair kit, we guarantee minimal repair time and low repair costs.

• Other pumps
• Flow Control
• Wastewater/wastewater treatment equipment

ARO Diaphragm Pump EXP Series 【Productivity】 Maximum flow + minimum pulsation and low air consumption = maximum performance! 【Versatility】 Multiple port options and interface options are available. Can be customized to fit individual specific applications. 【Reliability】 Both the main air valve and the simultaneous shift (pilot valve) utilize oil-free differential valves, achieving high reliability. 【Environmental Friendliness】 A wide range of material options and a bolted structure ensure excellent chemical resistance and leak-free operation. 【Ease of Maintenance】 Due to its modular structure, the number of parts is minimized, and a user-friendly repair kit guarantees minimal repair time and low repair costs.

• Other pumps
• Flow Control
• Wastewater/wastewater treatment equipment

ARO Diaphragm Pump EXP Series 【Productivity】 Maximum flow + minimum pulsation and low air consumption = maximum performance! 【Versatility】 Multiple port options and interface options are available. It can be customized to suit individual specific applications. 【Reliability】 Both the main air valve and the simultaneous shift (pilot valve) utilize oil-free differential valves, achieving high reliability. 【Environmental Friendliness】 A wide range of material options and a bolted structure ensure excellent chemical resistance and leak-free operation. 【Ease of Maintenance】 The modular design results in fewer parts, and the user-friendly repair kit guarantees minimal repair time and low repair costs.

• Other pumps
• Flow Control
• Wastewater/wastewater treatment equipment

ARO Diaphragm Pump EXP Series 【Productivity】 Maximum flow + minimum pulsation and low air consumption = maximum performance! 【Versatility】 Multiple port options and interface options are available. Can be customized to fit individual specific applications. 【Reliability】 Both the main air valve and the simultaneous shift (pilot valve) utilize oil-free differential valves, achieving high reliability. 【Environmental Conservation】 A wide range of material options and a bolted structure ensure excellent chemical resistance and leak-free operation. 【Ease of Maintenance】 The modular structure results in fewer parts, and the user-friendly repair kit guarantees minimal repair time and low repair costs.

• Other pumps
• Flow Control
• Wastewater/wastewater treatment equipment

ARO Diaphragm Pump EXP Series 【Productivity】 Maximum flow + minimum pulsation and low air consumption = maximum performance! 【Versatility】 Multiple port options and interface options are available. Can be customized to fit individual specific applications. 【Reliability】 Both the main air valve and the simultaneous shift (pilot valve) utilize oil-free differential valves, achieving high reliability. 【Environmental Conservation】 A wide range of material options and a bolted structure ensure excellent chemical resistance and leak-free operation. 【Ease of Maintenance】 Due to its modular structure, the number of parts is minimized, and with an easy-to-use repair kit, we guarantee minimal repair time and low repair costs.

• Other pumps
• Flow Control
• Wastewater/wastewater treatment equipment

ARO Diaphragm Pump EXP Series 【Productivity】 Maximum flow + minimum pulsation and low air consumption = maximum performance! 【Versatility】 Multiple port options and interface options are available. It can be customized to suit individual specific applications. 【Reliability】 Both the main air valve and the simultaneous shift (pilot valve) utilize oil-free differential valves, achieving high reliability. 【Environmental Conservation】 A wide range of material options and a bolted structure ensure excellent chemical resistance and leak-free operation. 【Ease of Maintenance】 The modular design results in fewer parts, and the user-friendly repair kit guarantees minimal repair time and low repair costs.

• Other pumps
• Flow Control
• Wastewater/wastewater treatment equipment

**Productivity** Maximum flow + minimum pulsation and low air consumption = maximum performance! **Versatility** Multiple port options and interface options are available. Can be customized to fit individual specific applications. **Reliability** Both the main air valve and the simultaneous shift (pilot valve) utilize oil-free differential valves to achieve high reliability. **Environmental Conservation** A wide range of material options and a bolted structure ensure excellent chemical resistance and leak-free operation. **Ease of Maintenance** The modular structure results in fewer parts, and the user-friendly repair kit guarantees minimal repair time and low repair costs. ☆ Air-driven diaphragm pump designed for sanitary specifications ☆ Composed of FDA-approved materials ☆ Fluid contact parts made of electropolished 316 stainless steel ☆ Bolted structure made entirely of stainless steel parts ☆ All components in the fluid contact area are precision cast ★ Typical Applications Food processing Chemical additives Cosmetics Adhesives (food grade) Pharmaceuticals Paints Applications requiring quick connect in the fluid contact area

• Other pumps
• Flow Control
• Wastewater/wastewater treatment equipment

The remote control function makes process management and monitoring safer, providing fluid management solutions that optimize costs and production time. It is possible to enhance productivity by reducing the monitoring of discharge devices by operators. With the Smart Touch mobile system, we achieve optimization of costs and pump control. ARO controllers and electronic interface pumps are ideal for various applications using batching and other containers or tanks. 【Application Examples】 Chemical processing, paint formulation, car washing, electronic circuits, commercial garment cleaning, etc. 【Features】 ■ Safety: Pumps stop and alarms are triggered in case of leakage detection or abnormalities. ■ Reliability: Remote operation and management of pumps while sending operational signals. ■ Accuracy: Simultaneous management of two pumps with ±1% injection reproducibility. *For more details, please download the materials or feel free to contact us. ＝＝ INCHEM TOKYO 2015 (Plant Show) Exhibition ＝＝ Date: November 25 (Wednesday) - 27, 2015 Venue: Tokyo Big Sight Booth: East Hall 3, 3G-07

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• Special Pump
• Syringe Pump

The ARO diaphragm pump EXP series is a groundbreaking energy-saving model that reduces energy costs for conveying air by decreasing air consumption. Compared to conventional diaphragm pumps, it significantly lowers parts replacement costs by reducing the number of components. It can be used for transporting slurry to filter presses, cleaning oil tanks, transferring heavy oil and naphtha, moving glass cleaning solutions, and circulating lens polishing agents. For more details, please download the catalog or contact us.

• Positive Displacement Pump

The Danfoss APP series is designed to pump low-viscosity, corrosive fluids at high pressure, making it an ideal pump for seawater desalination systems and high-pressure seawater pumping. The pump features a very lightweight and compact axial piston design. The lubrication of the moving parts inside the pump is done using the liquid itself, so no lubricating oil is required. The pump has a built-in flushing valve, allowing seawater to be pumped from the suction side to the discharge side even when the pump is not in operation. 【Features】 ○ One of the smallest and lightest pumps on the market ○ Can be directly coupled to electric motors or fuel engines ○ No pulsation or vibration in pressure piping ○ Maintenance-free ○ All pump components are made of corrosion-resistant materials ○ Excellent wear resistance of components

• Water Hydraulic Equipment
• Other pumps
• Special Pump

The Danfoss PAH series is a high-pressure hydraulic pump. This pump is designed to be very lightweight and compact based on the principle of axial pistons. The lubrication of the pump's moving parts is designed to be performed by the water being supplied, so no oil lubrication is required at all. All components of the pump are designed for a long service life, allowing for stable, high-efficiency operation with minimal maintenance. The pump is a fixed displacement type. The flow rate is proportional to the pump's rotational speed and pump capacity (cm3/rev).

• Water Hydraulic Equipment
• Special Pump
• Water treatment equipment

The Danfoss PAHT series is specially designed for operation with industrial water such as ultra-pure water, RO water, desalinated water, and deionized water. The PAHT pump is an axial pump that moves a fixed amount of water with each rotation, functioning as a positive displacement pump. The flow rate is proportional to the rotational speed of the input shaft (rpm). Unlike centrifugal pumps, the flow rate is determined by the rotation, regardless of the discharge pressure. The PAHT G pump reduces wear on the pump through special surface treatment based on the standard PAHT series model. This special surface treatment is particularly important in applications where wear is significant due to the nature of gas turbines and ultra-pure water. Both types feature a high-efficiency, compact design based on the principle of axial piston, ensuring a long lifespan. They achieve maintenance-free operation until the end of their service life, as they internally lubricate with the water itself, without the need for additional lubrication methods. *For more details, please download the catalog or contact us.*

• Special Pump
• Water Hydraulic Equipment
• Other pumps

The Danfoss MAH series is a high-speed motor that operates on water pressure. The hydraulic medium is typically tap water. The motor is designed as a very lightweight and compact axial piston type. All moving parts within the motor are lubricated by water, so no lubrication is required at all.

• Water Hydraulic Equipment

The Danfoss VDH EC is a 4-port/3-position valve. It operates four seat valves ON/OFF through electromagnetic actuation of four coils and internal pilot operation. Each seat valve is designed based on the principle of seat valves, which are controlled by individual internal pilots. In this valve configuration, there are two inlet valves and two outlet valves, with four seat valves integrated into the structure. Each seat valve is individually controlled by its internal pilot. This control method allows for a wide variety of different valve arrangements.

• Water Hydraulic Equipment
• valve

The Danfoss VRH series is used to protect the equipment that makes up the system from overloads that occur at maximum operating pressure. Furthermore, it has the function of discharging excessive water from the pressure side to control and limit the system.

• Water treatment equipment
• Water Hydraulic Equipment

【Features】 - Stainless steel double-acting cylinder using tap water as the working fluid - Inner diameters of 20, 25, and 30 mm - Custom options available upon request, including ultra-thin type (FM model), square type (HK model), and type with switch.

• Water Hydraulic Equipment
• cylinder
• Food Cleaning Equipment

【Features】 - Absolute particle retention protects both pump and non-pump systems. - Compatible with a wide range of process chemicals, making it usable in most applications. - High flow rate and long service life minimize system downtime. - High dirt holding capacity. - Easy filter element replacement.

• Water Hydraulic Equipment
• filter
• Liquid-liquid separation filter

The Danfoss check valve VCM43 is made of Super Duplex, and the seal is an FPM O-ring. The valve can handle flow rates of up to 750 L/min.

• Flow Control
• valve
• Water Hydraulic Equipment

The Danfoss check valve VCM30 is manufactured by Duplex, and the seal at the connection is made of a Viton O-ring. The valve flow rate can reach up to 500 L/min.

• Flow Control
• Pneumatic Equipment
• valve

Hoses equipped with Victaulic-made hose tails connect flexibly to pumps mounted on the system's framework, reducing noise.

• hose
• Pipe Fittings
• Water Hydraulic Equipment

We offer a free rental of a demo model of a super lightweight, compact, and versatile water pressure pump! There are three types available: 'PAH2' and 'PAH12.5' for tap water, and 'APP0.6' for seawater. They are fixed capacity models. No oil is needed at all for internal lubrication with water, and they are made of stainless steel for high durability. Additionally, they have fewer sealing points, making maintenance easy. Furthermore, they have a long lifespan with an 8,000-hour warranty! 【About the demo model rental】 ■ One unit each of the three models mentioned above ■ Rental period is from 2 weeks to 1 month (negotiable) *If you wish to rent, please apply through the "Contact Us" section.

• Positive Displacement Pump
• Special Pump
• Water Hydraulic Equipment

KRAL's magnetic coupling is maintenance-free and has a longer bearing life compared to pumps with mechanical seals! Since its founding in 1950, KRAL has been an Austrian manufacturer that consistently designs and produces three-screw pumps for lubricants and fuels, leveraging its extensive experience. Over 60% of its sales come from marine users, and it has numerous achievements with shipowners and shipyards in Europe and America. It is also widely known as the world's first manufacturer to equip screw pumps with a completely sealed (leak-free) magnetic coupling. ● For more details, please contact us or download the catalog.

• Special Pump
• Other pumps

This is a butterfly valve with a cutting-edge design that minimizes motion friction at the seat contact area, featuring four types of offsets (eccentricities) in its disc sheet shape!

• valve
• Flow Control
• Incinerators and incinerators

The Buschjost air-driven rotary pulse controller has a simple and user-friendly structure, eliminating the need for electric controllers or pilot solenoid valves. Since it operates entirely on air, it can be used in explosion-proof areas. It allows for adjustments to the air jet blowing time and interval.

• valve
• Dust collector
• Pneumatic Equipment

The newly designed high-trelle molded diaphragm revolutionizes the conventional wisdom of existing products.

• filter
• valve

The newly designed high-trelle molded diaphragm revolutionizes the conventional wisdom of existing products.

• filter
• valve