iPROS Manufacturing
  • Search for products by classification category

    • Electronic Components and Modules
      Electronic Components and Modules
      55974items
    • Machinery Parts
      Machinery Parts
      71025items
    • Manufacturing and processing machinery
      Manufacturing and processing machinery
      95562items
    • Scientific and Physics Equipment
      Scientific and Physics Equipment
      33043items
    • Materials
      Materials
      34915items
    • Measurement and Analysis
      Measurement and Analysis
      52781items
    • Image Processing
      Image Processing
      14553items
    • Control and Electrical Equipment
      Control and Electrical Equipment
      50324items
    • Tools, consumables, and supplies
      Tools, consumables, and supplies
      62921items
    • Design and production support
      Design and production support
      11729items
    • IT/Network
      IT/Network
      40576items
    • Office
      Office
      13226items
    • Business support services
      Business support services
      32047items
    • Seminars and Skill Development
      Seminars and Skill Development
      5717items
    • Pharmaceutical and food related
      Pharmaceutical and food related
      23819items
    • others
      59809items
  • Search for companies by industry

    • Manufacturing and processing contract
      7355
    • others
      5040
    • Industrial Machinery
      4431
    • Machine elements and parts
      3291
    • Other manufacturing
      2871
    • IT/Telecommunications
      2520
    • Trading company/Wholesale
      2456
    • Industrial Electrical Equipment
      2316
    • Building materials, supplies and fixtures
      1817
    • software
      1645
    • Electronic Components and Semiconductors
      1577
    • Resin/Plastic
      1492
    • Service Industry
      1413
    • Testing, Analysis and Measurement
      1131
    • Ferrous/Non-ferrous metals
      981
    • environment
      702
    • Chemical
      630
    • Automobiles and Transportation Equipment
      559
    • Printing Industry
      506
    • Information and Communications
      436
    • Consumer Electronics
      422
    • Energy
      321
    • Rubber products
      311
    • Food Machinery
      303
    • Optical Instruments
      282
    • robot
      274
    • fiber
      250
    • Paper and pulp
      232
    • Electricity, Gas and Water Industry
      172
    • Pharmaceuticals and Biotechnology
      165
    • Warehousing and transport related industries
      145
    • Glass and clay products
      142
    • Food and Beverage
      134
    • CAD/CAM
      122
    • retail
      111
    • Educational and Research Institutions
      107
    • Medical Devices
      101
    • Ceramics
      96
    • wood
      88
    • Transportation
      83
    • Petroleum and coal products
      61
    • Medical and Welfare
      61
    • Shipbuilding and heavy machinery
      52
    • Aviation & Aerospace
      48
    • Fisheries, Agriculture and Forestry
      39
    • Public interest/special/independent administrative agency
      24
    • self-employed
      23
    • equipment
      20
    • Mining
      17
    • Research and development equipment and devices
      17
    • Materials
      16
    • Government
      15
    • Finance, securities and insurance
      13
    • Individual
      10
    • Restaurants and accommodations
      8
    • cosmetics
      8
    • Police, Fire Department, Self-Defense Forces
      7
    • Laboratory Equipment and Consumables
      3
    • Contracted research
      3
    • Raw materials for reagents and chemicals
      2
  • Special Features
  • Ranking

    • Overall Products Ranking
    • Overall Company Ranking
Search for Products
  • Search for products by classification category

  • Electronic Components and Modules
  • Machinery Parts
  • Manufacturing and processing machinery
  • Scientific and Physics Equipment
  • Materials
  • Measurement and Analysis
  • Image Processing
  • Control and Electrical Equipment
  • Tools, consumables, and supplies
  • Design and production support
  • IT/Network
  • Office
  • Business support services
  • Seminars and Skill Development
  • Pharmaceutical and food related
  • others
Search for Companies
  • Search for companies by industry

  • Manufacturing and processing contract
  • others
  • Industrial Machinery
  • Machine elements and parts
  • Other manufacturing
  • IT/Telecommunications
  • Trading company/Wholesale
  • Industrial Electrical Equipment
  • Building materials, supplies and fixtures
  • software
  • Electronic Components and Semiconductors
  • Resin/Plastic
  • Service Industry
  • Testing, Analysis and Measurement
  • Ferrous/Non-ferrous metals
  • environment
  • Chemical
  • Automobiles and Transportation Equipment
  • Printing Industry
  • Information and Communications
  • Consumer Electronics
  • Energy
  • Rubber products
  • Food Machinery
  • Optical Instruments
  • robot
  • fiber
  • Paper and pulp
  • Electricity, Gas and Water Industry
  • Pharmaceuticals and Biotechnology
  • Warehousing and transport related industries
  • Glass and clay products
  • Food and Beverage
  • CAD/CAM
  • retail
  • Educational and Research Institutions
  • Medical Devices
  • Ceramics
  • wood
  • Transportation
  • Petroleum and coal products
  • Medical and Welfare
  • Shipbuilding and heavy machinery
  • Aviation & Aerospace
  • Fisheries, Agriculture and Forestry
  • Public interest/special/independent administrative agency
  • self-employed
  • equipment
  • Mining
  • Research and development equipment and devices
  • Materials
  • Government
  • Finance, securities and insurance
  • Individual
  • Restaurants and accommodations
  • cosmetics
  • Police, Fire Department, Self-Defense Forces
  • Laboratory Equipment and Consumables
  • Contracted research
  • Raw materials for reagents and chemicals
Special Features
Ranking
  • Overall Products Ranking
  • Overall Company Ranking
  • privacy policy
  • terms of service
  • About Us
  • Careers
  • Advertising
  1. Home
  2. Other manufacturing
  3. ヤマハチケミカル
  4. Product/Service List
Other manufacturing
  • Added to bookmarks

    Bookmarks list

    Bookmark has been removed

    Bookmarks list

    You can't add any more bookmarks

    By registering as a member, you can increase the number of bookmarks you can save and organize them with labels.

    Free membership registration

ヤマハチケミカル

EstablishmentApril 1980
capital1000Ten thousand
addressAichi/Gamagori-shi/30-1 Kitakurakake, Kagoshima City
phone0533-57-1651
  • Special site
  • Official site
last updated:Jul 11, 2025
ヤマハチケミカルlogo
  • Contact this company

    Contact Us Online
  • Before making an inquiry

    Download PDF
  • Company information
  • Products/Services(18)
  • catalog(13)
  • news(0)

ヤマハチケミカル List of Products and Services

  • category

1~18 item / All 18 items

Displayed results

Filter by category

Stamp Stamp
Porous material Porous material
Note: Coating porous material Note: Coating porous material
Company, Product, Technical Documentation Company, Product, Technical Documentation
class="retina-image"

Column: Knowledge of Porous Materials - The Difference Between Sponge and Yamaha Porous

I will explain the differences between sponge and Yamaha Hachi Porous in an easy-to-understand way! Both sponge and Yamaha Hachi Porous are porous materials. What are the differences?

A porous body is a general term for a substance that has many small holes (pores) inside it. While introducing an example of a porous body that exists around us, I will clearly explain the performance and characteristics of both sponge and Yamaha Hachi Porous as porous bodies. Yamaha Hachi Porous has functions such as flexibility, liquid absorption, and the ability to adsorb fine dirt.

  • Other cleaning tools

Added to bookmarks

Bookmarks list

Bookmark has been removed

Bookmarks list

You can't add any more bookmarks

By registering as a member, you can increase the number of bookmarks you can save and organize them with labels.

Free membership registration

Column: [Solving Coating Issues] Microscopic Coating through Surface Treatment of Porous Materials

I will explain the benefits of "micro-application" through surface processing of Yamaha Hachi Porous (porous material)!

What is coating? It is a technology aimed at "granting new functions, adhesion, and surface optimization," and the coating process in manufacturing is a crucial step that affects product quality. In the coating process within manufacturing, there are always challenges such as uneven application and dripping, which can lead to a decline in product quality and functionality. As a solution to these challenges, is the coating amount and method appropriate? Is there a need to aim for "micro-coating" that reduces the coating amount? Additionally, what are the methods and benefits?

  • plastic

Added to bookmarks

Bookmarks list

Bookmark has been removed

Bookmarks list

You can't add any more bookmarks

By registering as a member, you can increase the number of bookmarks you can save and organize them with labels.

Free membership registration

Flexible porous material "Yamahachi Porous Injection Molding Products"

Manufacturing porous materials by injection molding, which is difficult with conventional porous materials! Molding into any shape! Custom manufacturing and processing of lint-free porous materials!

From mold design to material blending and the molding and processing of porous materials! With a consistent in-house support system, we provide the molding and processing of porous materials that our customers need. If you are looking for porous materials with flexibility, breathability, permeability, and low dust generation in special shapes, please contact us!

  • plastic

Added to bookmarks

Bookmarks list

Bookmark has been removed

Bookmarks list

You can't add any more bookmarks

By registering as a member, you can increase the number of bookmarks you can save and organize them with labels.

Free membership registration

Soft plastic porous material "porous sheet"

Soft and low-dust-emission porous sheet! For lubrication applications... such as anti-corrosion functional parts...

A polyethylene-based porous sheet with characteristics such as flexibility, permeability, breathability, low dust generation, and water repellency. It can absorb liquids like oil, retain them, and be applied to objects, as well as function in liquid absorption. We can also accommodate surface processing and two-layer molding according to the customer's development needs. Basically, it is produced on a made-to-order basis. Please contact us for more details.

  • plastic

Added to bookmarks

Bookmarks list

Bookmark has been removed

Bookmarks list

You can't add any more bookmarks

By registering as a member, you can increase the number of bookmarks you can save and organize them with labels.

Free membership registration

Porous Roller "Yamahachi Porous Roller"

Soft and low-dust porous roller! Surface processing is also possible! Suitable for liquid application such as oil... Can also provide micro-application performance!

Continuous porous roller material with a fine pore structure based on polyethylene! It features flexibility, permeability, and low dust generation, allowing liquids like oil to permeate. Ideal for coating applications! We provide optimal roll design and manufacturing tailored to customer development needs, including surface processing for precise application performance and special shapes or two-layer structures!

  • plastic

Added to bookmarks

Bookmarks list

Bookmark has been removed

Bookmarks list

You can't add any more bookmarks

By registering as a member, you can increase the number of bookmarks you can save and organize them with labels.

Free membership registration

Solving the challenges of difficult porous material development! A new porous material that adds novelty.

For applications such as oil and ink coatings! We also accommodate complex shapes and micro-dispensing functions that are difficult with general porous materials.

Our company manufactures a continuous porous plastic called "Yamahachi Porous," which is characterized by its basic functions of liquid absorption, retention (storage and impregnation), and application (liquid supply). The standard material is hydrophobic and exhibits excellent functionality for absorbing, retaining, and applying inks and oils, allowing for optimal control of the application amount without dripping. It can also be optionally hydrophilized. We accommodate not only sheets and cylindrical shapes but also special shapes such as comb-like continuous protrusions used in hair care applications, as well as hollow shapes, which are difficult to achieve with conventional porous materials. Additionally, we can partially process the surface to impart the function of applying small amounts of liquid to objects in a patterned manner.

  • plastic

Added to bookmarks

Bookmarks list

Bookmark has been removed

Bookmarks list

You can't add any more bookmarks

By registering as a member, you can increase the number of bookmarks you can save and organize them with labels.

Free membership registration

Roller stamp component OEM/ODM production service

Production service for customers who only wish for roller parts with roller stamp design processing and ink penetration processing.

We offer "OEM and ODM production services for roller stamps." We propose suitable roller stamps that match our customers' planned products and applications. This production service is for customers who only wish to have roll components, such as those who already have production bases. We provide parts to the factories designated by our customers. For roller stamp manufacturing, please consult Yamaha Chemical. 【Features】 ■ Supports the manufacturing of various types of roller stamps ■ Capable of producing clean designs with minimal seams, from thick lines to fine details ■ Roll sizes can be customized, starting from a minimum outer diameter of φ6mm ■ Depending on the application, adjustments to roll materials and inks are also possible *For more details, please refer to the PDF materials or feel free to contact us.

  • Other contract services
  • Other services
  • Contract manufacturing

Added to bookmarks

Bookmarks list

Bookmark has been removed

Bookmarks list

You can't add any more bookmarks

By registering as a member, you can increase the number of bookmarks you can save and organize them with labels.

Free membership registration

Porous solution services

Unique manufacturing technology! Providing porous solutions that turn our customers' ideas into "form."

In the "Porous Solution Service," we provide comprehensive support for the development of coating products that address customer challenges, featuring innovative shapes, sizes, and functions that were previously unattainable. Thanks to multiple proprietary technologies, we can manufacture porous materials in various shapes. Our continuous porous materials primarily use polyethylene as the raw material, offering excellent flexibility, permeability, and durability, without issues of cracking or fraying at the tips. They also possess liquid retention, coating, and writing functions, making them suitable for a variety of applicators. 【Basic Technologies】 ■ Durable Material - Does not use fibers, eliminating fraying, cracking, or detachment at the tips, and boasts superior durability. ■ Adjustable Hardness - Capable of designing and manufacturing to achieve moderate hardness, from soft to hard. ■ Adaptable to Various Shapes - From common shapes to complex shapes such as chips, rolls, and sheets. *For more details, please refer to the PDF document or feel free to contact us.

  • Other polymer materials

Added to bookmarks

Bookmarks list

Bookmark has been removed

Bookmarks list

You can't add any more bookmarks

By registering as a member, you can increase the number of bookmarks you can save and organize them with labels.

Free membership registration

Original roller stamp creation service

Consistent in-house production support to follow up on customer product commercialization! Over 1 million units produced annually.

We offer "OEM and ODM production services for roller stamps." We will propose suitable roller stamps that match your planned products and applications. For roller stamp manufacturing, please consult Yamaha Chemical. 【Features】 ■ Production starting from 2,000 units (1,000 units x 2 designs OK!) ■ Three types of holders ■ Choice of ink and holder colors ■ Packaging options available 【Applications】 ■ Personal information protection security stamps ■ Decoration for paper products ■ Craft applications ■ Novelties ■ Marking on text (marker applications) *For more details, please refer to the PDF document or feel free to contact us.

  • Other contract services
  • Other services
  • Contract manufacturing

Added to bookmarks

Bookmarks list

Bookmark has been removed

Bookmarks list

You can't add any more bookmarks

By registering as a member, you can increase the number of bookmarks you can save and organize them with labels.

Free membership registration

Permeation printing material PE sheet (continuous porous)

High-resolution design processing is possible! You can achieve clear impressions without smudging, even without a stamp pad.

This product is an environmentally friendly continuous porous material for stamp production that enables the manufacturing of permeable stamps using low-temperature processing machines. It uses polyethylene (PE) as the raw material, which has excellent durability and wear resistance. It is compatible with desktop permeable stamp manufacturing machines (flash processing machines) equipped with infrared lamps, allowing for surface processing at low temperatures. The continuous porous structure of the material holds ink firmly, making it suitable for high-resolution designs such as photographs for stamping. 【Features】 - Material with excellent durability and wear resistance - Capable of high-resolution stamping design processing - Surface processing possible with low-temperature machines - Compatible inks: oil-based pigment inks, solvent-based inks - Continuous porous structure holds ink securely - Clean stamping without smudging, without the need for a stamp pad *For more details, please refer to the PDF document or feel free to contact us.

  • Other polymer materials

Added to bookmarks

Bookmarks list

Bookmark has been removed

Bookmarks list

You can't add any more bookmarks

By registering as a member, you can increase the number of bookmarks you can save and organize them with labels.

Free membership registration

Custom-made porous pen nibs for stationery and pens.

Supporting the development of your writing instruments! Responding to nib processing with a consistent production system!

At Yamaha Chemical, we offer a porous nib manufacturing service for marker pens. Our "porous nibs for markers" are characterized by a smooth texture similar to that of a brush pen, without issues such as tip cracking or fraying. They also possess excellent ink responsiveness, moderate elasticity, and durability. Using polyethylene as the base material, they exhibit solvent resistance and chemical resistance, demonstrating outstanding performance with various inks. 【Features】 ■ Ink responsiveness ■ Moderate elasticity ■ Solvent resistance ■ Use of polyethylene ■ Chemical resistance ■ Smooth texture *For more details, please refer to the PDF document or feel free to contact us.

  • plastic

Added to bookmarks

Bookmarks list

Bookmark has been removed

Bookmarks list

You can't add any more bookmarks

By registering as a member, you can increase the number of bookmarks you can save and organize them with labels.

Free membership registration

Porous chips with excellent permeability, breathability, and chemical resistance.

Various shapes can be processed! Custom-made porous chips with a continuous pore structure.

Our company is engaged in the development and manufacturing of porous chips called "Yamahachi Porous Chips," which are made from PE as the base material. They have features such as permeability, breathability, chemical resistance, flexibility, collectability, hydrophobicity, and low dust generation, and they also possess functions for liquid retention (reservoir), liquid application, and adsorption. It is also possible to perform assembly processing onto fiber cores using injection molding. 【What is a continuous porous body?】 A continuous porous body is made up of countless interconnected pores, with walls between adjacent pores that are open. It has unique characteristics, such as allowing liquids or gases to pass through the openings of the pores and being able to store liquids within the pores. 【Where it can be utilized! Expected applications】 Coating materials such as solutions, liquid-absorbing materials, and special applications that require porous performance. *If you would like a sample, please let us know through the contact form. *For more details, please refer to the catalog or feel free to contact us.

  • plastic

Added to bookmarks

Bookmarks list

Bookmark has been removed

Bookmarks list

You can't add any more bookmarks

By registering as a member, you can increase the number of bookmarks you can save and organize them with labels.

Free membership registration

What is a continuous porous material? What can it be used for? Yamaha Chemical Development Case Studies

A must-see for designers! A collection of case studies on the development of special materials using PE continuous porous bodies. Unimaginable materials are here!

The "Yamahach Chemical Development Case Collection" is a compilation of development cases for special materials utilizing PE continuous porous bodies. It includes examples of added optional features such as special shapes, two-layer structures, micro-coating performance through surface processing, electrical conductivity, and new functionalities. It also features development cases that are difficult to achieve with conventional porous materials. You might find technologies and materials that seemed possible but were not achievable here. *Please view the PDF of the case collection via download.

  • plastic

Added to bookmarks

Bookmarks list

Bookmark has been removed

Bookmarks list

You can't add any more bookmarks

By registering as a member, you can increase the number of bookmarks you can save and organize them with labels.

Free membership registration

[Examples of Development for Industrial and Medical Devices] Positioning Marking/Pointing Chip

Excellent durability and solvent resistance, with dimensional accuracy also achieving the target!

This is an introduction to a development case of "continuous porous materials." 【 Required Performance 】 For marking chips used in positioning industrial and medical equipment, requirements included liquid absorption, durability, solvent resistance, and dimensional accuracy. 【 Development Results 】 Since the base material is originally PE, it exhibited excellent durability and solvent resistance. Regarding dimensional accuracy, the target was achieved through the selection of processing methods. *For more details, please contact us directly.

  • others

Added to bookmarks

Bookmarks list

Bookmark has been removed

Bookmarks list

You can't add any more bookmarks

By registering as a member, you can increase the number of bookmarks you can save and organize them with labels.

Free membership registration

Porous plastic material "Yamahachiporous" *Free samples available

Coating ability, liquid absorption, moisture retention, low dust generation! A porous material with excellent functions such as "coating," "absorbing," "wiping," and "retaining."

The material with a three-dimensional mesh-like pore structure, where countless small spaces (pores) are connected and part of the walls between these spaces are open, is called "continuous porous material." Our product from Yamaha Chemical is based on plastic and features properties such as coatability, liquid absorption, moisture retention, and low dust generation. By combining the excellent functions of the material with our unique molding and processing technology, we realize porous materials tailored to customer needs. In particular, it excels in functions related to "coating," "absorbing," "wiping," and "retaining" for oils, chemicals, and inks! This is a functional porous material that incorporates shapes and functions that are difficult to achieve with conventional porous materials. 【10 Functions】 ■ Coatability ■ Liquid Absorption ■ Low Dust Generation ■ Chemical Resistance ■ Moisture Retention ■ Permeability ■ Hydrophobicity ■ Oleophilicity ■ Adsorption ■ Flexibility 【Unique Molding and Processing】 ■ Extrusion Molding / Injection Molding ■ Two-layer molding with different pore diameters (roll) ■ Secondary processing such as assembly processing and grinding processing ■ Surface treatment *For more details, please refer to the PDF document or feel free to contact us.

  • plastic

Added to bookmarks

Bookmarks list

Bookmark has been removed

Bookmarks list

You can't add any more bookmarks

By registering as a member, you can increase the number of bookmarks you can save and organize them with labels.

Free membership registration

Porous materials: Solving 8 problems.

A technical document explaining eight common issues encountered when considering the introduction of porous materials, such as wanting to create complex shapes and needing appropriate elasticity.

This is a technical document that explains common issues encountered when considering the introduction of porous materials. At Yamahachikemical, we can propose porous materials that meet your needs through repeated discussions with our customers. Our plastic continuous porous material technology, "Yamahachi Porous," will solve your problems. 【Do you have any of these issues? (Some examples)】 ■ I want to create complex shapes... ■ I want moderate elasticity... ■ I want something with excellent chemical resistance... ■ I want rust prevention performance... *Please view the PDF of the technical document available for download. *If you would like a sample, please specify "sample request" in your inquiry.

  • plastic

Added to bookmarks

Bookmarks list

Bookmark has been removed

Bookmarks list

You can't add any more bookmarks

By registering as a member, you can increase the number of bookmarks you can save and organize them with labels.

Free membership registration

【Application for Coating with Liquid/ Oil】 Chip-shaped Porous Material 'Porous Chip'

A consistent production system to respond! Lint-free porous material that does not fray or fall off.

Introducing the porous material "Porous Chip," which features chip shapes suitable for applications such as the application of liquids/solvents and liquid absorption. Made from polyethylene as the base material, it is characterized by flexibility, breathability, permeability, collectability, hydrophobicity, and low dust generation (lint-free). It has functions for retaining liquids, solvents, oils, and inks (reservoir), liquid application, and liquid adsorption, making it usable as functional components for various applications. We provide suitable processing tailored to customer needs through a consistent production system. Manufacturing through injection molding and assembly processing onto fiber cores is also possible. 【Features】 ■ Permeability and breathability ■ Hydrophobic (can be made hydrophilic) ■ Flexibility (hardness can be adjusted) ■ Collectability ■ Chemical resistance ■ Low dust generation *For more details, please refer to the PDF document or feel free to contact us.

  • plastic

Added to bookmarks

Bookmarks list

Bookmark has been removed

Bookmarks list

You can't add any more bookmarks

By registering as a member, you can increase the number of bookmarks you can save and organize them with labels.

Free membership registration

Yamahach Chemical Co., Ltd. Company Profile

Connecting needs and products through manufacturing! Achieving efficient support that becomes a solution for our customers.

Our company began research and development of "continuous porous materials" as stamp materials in 1977. Since then, we have continuously advanced the manufacturing and development of products that meet the needs of our customers and the market, based on "continuous porous materials" as our core technology. Currently, we are actively engaged in creating new products from the customer's perspective, including the development of porous pen tips for writing instruments, porous chips for cosmetics, and custom-made "continuous porous" functional components tailored to our customers' development products. [Business Activities] ■ Manufacturing and development of continuous porous materials ■ Manufacturing and sales of porous pen tips, cosmetic chips, ink pads, and stamp materials ■ Manufacturing and processing of automotive-related molded parts *For more details, please refer to the PDF materials or feel free to contact us.

  • plastic

Added to bookmarks

Bookmarks list

Bookmark has been removed

Bookmarks list

You can't add any more bookmarks

By registering as a member, you can increase the number of bookmarks you can save and organize them with labels.

Free membership registration
Prev 1 Next
  • 大型品の切削や低コストな複合加工に。ロボットシステムの資料進呈

    大型品の切削や低コストな複合加工に。ロボットシステムの資料進呈

  • PFAS規制に対応 PFASフリー コーティング剤 ・潤滑性を付与 摩擦低減、耐摩耗性向上 ・離型性を付与 撥水・撥油性、非粘着 など、多様の用途で提案が可能 素材は、金属・プラスチック・ゴムなど問いません!
  • 高品質×短納期 アキツなら金型費不要 0円 1個から対応可能 試作・小ロット 最短当日出荷 3Dデータ対応 ゴム切削加工はお任せください!
    • Contact this company

      Contact Us Online
    • Before making an inquiry

      Download PDF

    Products

    • Search for Products

    Company

    • Search for Companies

    Special Features

    • Special Features

    Ranking

    • Overall Products Ranking
    • Overall Company Ranking

    support

    • site map
    IPROS
    • privacy policy Regarding external transmission of information
    • terms of service
    • About Us
    • Careers
    • Advertising
    COPYRIGHT © 2001-2025 IPROS CORPORATION ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
    Please note that the English text on this page is automatically translated and may contain inaccuracies.