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The difference between coloring steel wire through low-temperature annealing and bluing, and their purposes.

[Reproduction of Private Spring Preparatory School Lecture 41] Low-temperature annealing is commonly referred to as bluing! The blue color is the color of the iron oxide film formed on the surface of the steel.

When you anneal shiny steel wires like piano wire or hard steel wire in the air, they develop a bluish color. Since blue is the color of the bluebird, this is likely why low-temperature annealing is referred to as bluing. This blue color is the result of a layer of iron oxide that forms on the surface of the steel. Although this oxide layer is very thin, it is strong, dense, and has considerable corrosion resistance. However, the colors produced by bluing are not limited to just blue. *For more detailed information, please refer to the PDF. Feel free to contact us for further inquiries.*

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Principles, Effects, and Practical Methods of Shot Peening and Setting

[Reproduction of Private Spring Preparatory School Lecture 44] Shot peening is a surface treatment! Explanation of the final process setting as well.

Shot peening is a surface treatment. It is very effective for springs made from heat-treated steel wire and springs that are formed from annealed wire and then heat-treated, but it is not as effective for springs made from cold-worked steel wire. This is because the surface of cold-worked steel wire is originally quite smooth. It is said that "a fair complexion hides seven troubles," and indeed, having a fair complexion is the first condition of beauty. Such beauties only need to wash their faces, and there is no need to apply expensive cosmetics. *For detailed content of the article, please refer to the PDF. For more information, feel free to contact us.

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Exploring the relationship between fishing and springs: Research for the school festival and the fun of the Japanese language.

[Reproduction of Private Spring Preparatory School Lecture 49] Fishing rods are similar to springs in that they utilize the elasticity of bamboo, that is, the force of rebound!

Today, let's go to the fishing club's classroom. Steel can be broken down into the blade of a tool and metal. With this method, most things can be deconstructed, and their etymology can be traced. For example, the "forge" in blacksmith comes from the "ka" and "chi" of "kaneuchi" (metal hitting). Additionally, the chisel used by blacksmiths is a "cutting metal," and the hatchet used for cutting wood combines the "na" from "Kusanagi no Tsurugi" (the sword of Kusanagi) and the "ta" from "to cut." Now, how are fishing and springs connected using this method? Look forward to the research results from the fishing club. *For detailed content of the article, please refer to the PDF. For more information, feel free to contact us.

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The selection and importance of metal materials for springs learned with the arrival of spring.

[Reproduction of Private Spring Preparatory School Lecture 50] Studying metal materials for springs! I will explain the types of steel most commonly used for springs.

There are many materials used for springs. For example, the skis that I played with in the winter mountains until recently can be thought of as board-like springs that slide on the snow, and until not long ago, they were made from wood. However, nowadays, they are made from not only wood but also materials ranging from fiberglass to metal. Let's consider why these materials have been chosen. Since skis are also springs, they must not break or deform immediately when a person, who is the load, stands on them; otherwise, they would be unusable. In other words, we want an elasticity that is suitable for the load. *For more detailed information, please refer to the PDF. For inquiries, feel free to contact us.*

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The causes of burning defects and the impact of decarburization on the fatigue strength of spring steel.

[Reprint Private Spring Preparatory School Lecture 57] Burn marks can occur due to uneven quenching temperatures, uneven cooling, and the presence of scale!

Burning unevenly, that is, the cause of insufficient heating in localized areas, is often due to decarburization. Now, let's study decarburization, which is the main cause of this issue. Decarburization cannot be avoided when heating steel, not just spring steel, to high temperatures. The mechanical properties of steel are proportional to the carbon content, and fatigue strength is well proportional to hardness up to the level of spring hardness. Springs are generally used in a way that bending or torsional stresses are applied, and these stresses act so that the maximum stress occurs on the surface of the spring. *For detailed content of the article, please refer to the PDF. For more information, feel free to contact us.*

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Effects and countermeasures of crystal grain growth, surface oxidation, and reduction of fatigue strength in spring steel due to overheating.

[Reproduction of Private Spring Preparatory School Lecture 58] As the grain size increases, the resistance to impact decreases, and the fatigue strength also diminishes!

The damage from overheating is not just limited to decarbonization. The grain size also increases, and surface oxidation leads to more severe skin roughness. When the grain size increases, the impact value, which refers to resistance to impact, decreases, and fatigue strength also declines. Speaking of the decline in fatigue strength, surface oxidation significantly affects skin roughness. Here, please take another look at the JIS standards for spring steel materials. *For detailed content of the article, please refer to the PDF. For more information, feel free to contact us.*

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Method for determining the organizational changes in steel due to re-annealing and the depth of quenching.

[Reproduction of Private Spring Preparatory School Lecture 59] Explanation of reversion! Also explaining martensite structure and changes in structure.

Today, let's study tempering. Steel that has been fully hardened becomes martensitic, but this is extremely hard, so it must be softened to an appropriate hardness, up to the spring hardness, through tempering. The range of tempering temperatures that can achieve spring hardness is 450 to 540 degrees, and the structure will be in a tempered troostite state. Let’s explain the changes in structure due to tempering in a bit more detail. *The detailed content of the article can be viewed in the PDF. For more information, please feel free to contact us.*

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Points to note during heat treatment and grinding of high-grade springs and causes of strain generation.

Reproduction of Private Spring Preparatory School Lecture 60: Sometimes the spring surface may soften due to grinding heat, leading to breakage!

The stiffness of a spring is not strictly defined within a certain range. In some cases, it can be even harder. For types like leaf springs or disc springs, the spring stiffness can be increased to nearly 500 on the Brinell hardness scale. It is common to grind the surface of such springs after heat treatment, as using them with the heat-treated surface intact is very dangerous and not permissible. Now, even with such high-quality springs, there are unexpected cases of breakage, which are often due to mistakes during grinding. *For more detailed information, please refer to the PDF. For further inquiries, feel free to contact us.*

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The development of the spring industry in the early Taisho period and technological innovation through the introduction of testing machines.

[Reproduction of Private Spring Preparatory School Lecture 6] Standards and specifications for steel materials and springs have been established! The spring industry made great strides in the early Taisho period.

In the previous discussion, we talked about how the spring manufacturing industry modernized in the late Meiji period, and how other related industries made remarkable progress. Now, let's study the development process of the early Taisho period. In the late Meiji period, there were printing machine companies that were winding springs, and there is a story that when spring manufacturers went to take orders, they boasted that they could also wind springs. This was because the manufacturing of springs at that time was a closely guarded secret, and even if something was considered good, there were no methods to investigate it. *For detailed content of the article, please refer to the PDF. For more information, feel free to contact us.*

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The development of the automobile and aircraft industries during the Showa period and the role of the spring industry.

[Reproduction of Private Spring Preparatory School Lecture 9] Explaining the transition of the automotive and aerospace industries! Also discusses war and the spring industry.

Last time, we got sidetracked with the discussion about the new type of Katasa testing machine, but we are finally entering the history of springs in the Showa period. Since the Showa period is quite recent, I believe many of you are already familiar with various aspects, so let's study quickly. The spring industry, having inherited the developments of the late Taisho period, continued to thrive, and undoubtedly, the contributions of automobiles and airplanes were significant, so this time we will focus our study on this topic. As mentioned before, the entry of American automobile manufacturing into Japan from the late Taisho to the early Showa period stimulated the existing three companies in Japan to start full-scale production. *For detailed content of the article, please refer to the PDF. For more information, feel free to contact us.*

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Establishment of Standards and Changes in Steel Materials in the Spring Industry during the Showa Period

[Reissue Private Spring Preparatory School Lecture 10] About the spring industry during the Showa period! Establishment of various standards and specifications, from JES to JIS.

Last time, we studied the automotive and aircraft industries that form the background of the spring industry during the Showa period. Continuing from that, this time we will have a lesson on the spring industry during the Showa period. One characteristic of the Showa period that must be addressed is the establishment of various standards and specifications. The establishment of such standards can be seen as evidence of the advancement of research into industrial products. For example, regarding the Japanese National Railways, specifications for carbon steel materials for vehicle springs, wire springs for cushions, and wire and plates of phosphor bronze for springs were established in 1928. In 1930, specifications for hard-drawn steel wire for springs were established, followed by specifications for leaf springs and steel wire springs in the following year. *For detailed content of the article, you can view it in the PDF. For more information, please feel free to contact us.

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The evolution of spring technology and heat treatment methods during the Showa period and their historical background.

[Reissue Private Spring Preparatory School Lecture 11] Explanation of single and double quenching methods! Discussion of new materials and technologies as well.

Last time, we talked about JES and JIS, but this time let's trace the technical history of the Showa era. I gave it a confusing title like "one-stage or two-stage," but in fact, since the late Taisho period, the method of hardening spring plates has been a significant issue for the National Railways, so let me introduce the background. The term "one-stage hardening," which was used at that time (the Taisho period), refers to what we now call "austenitizing hardening," while "two-stage hardening" refers to the process of hardening and tempering. In this regard, the terminology used in heat treatment was incorrect, so although I wrote "one-stage" and "two-stage" in the title for this preparatory school, I will use the correct terms: "austenitizing hardening" for the former and "hardening and tempering" for the latter. *You can view the detailed content of the article in the PDF. For more information, please feel free to contact us.

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The influence of dynamic stress and fatigue failure in automobile springs and its relationship with road conditions.

[Reproduction of Private Spring Preparatory School Lecture 14] Characteristics of stress on springs! Used under significantly larger static and dynamic stresses.

In the last session, we started with a method for cutting wire by hand and studied fatigue testing methods, but we will continue with the lessons. As you know, springs are used in a very different way compared to general mechanical components. This is evident at a glance, as springs are often significantly bent or undergo intense stretching and contracting movements. The fact that springs are used in this manner means that they are subjected to much larger static and dynamic stresses compared to the design stresses of general mechanical components. *For detailed content of the article, you can view it in the PDF. Please feel free to contact us for more information.*

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Observation of fracture surfaces and understanding of the safety zone in fatigue testing of metallic materials.

[Reproduction of Private Spring Preparatory School Lecture 17] Metals also change when they are fatigued! An explanation of how the results of fatigue tests are organized and utilized in design.

The fracture surface of the fatigue test specimen, like that of an actual fatigue fracture, exhibits both smooth and rough surfaces. The difference is that, in many cases, the smooth surface does not show the shell-like patterns resembling tree rings. This is because the testing machine applies a constant repeated stress, preventing the progression of cracks from exhibiting a step-like pattern. The shell-like patterns that form on the fatigue fracture surface of automotive springs occur due to variations in the weight of the load or changes in road conditions, which cause fluctuations in the repeated stress. Additionally, there are instances where the smooth fracture surface of the test specimen appears discolored purple; this is due to temper colors resulting from frictional heat generated by the rubbing of the crack surfaces. *For more detailed information, please refer to the PDF. Feel free to contact us for further inquiries.*

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The Story of Butsushutarou and the Estimation Method of Fatigue Limits Learned from Static Strength and Its Practice

[Reproduction of Private Spring Preparatory School Lecture 18] Study of Fatigue Limit Estimation Method! Estimating fatigue limits from tensile strength and hardness test results.

Once upon a time, there was a story called "Monkusho Taro." It is said that he was so lazy that he would lie around all day and even relied on others to pick up the rice cakes he dropped. However, in the end, he achieved great success and was enshrined as a deity. Now, even if one does not achieve success or become a god, it can be tedious to go through exhausting tests that require both effort and time. Therefore, for those like Monkusho Taro, let’s study methods for estimating fatigue limits. This is based on the idea that there may be some relationship between fatigue limits and static strength, which many scholars are seeking to understand. The results indicate that there is a certain degree of correlation, but the variability is also quite large. The variability is not limited to just fatigue strength. *For more detailed information, please refer to the PDF. Feel free to contact us for more details.*

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