The "forces" of liquids: Various interfacial phenomena such as cleaning, wetting, penetration, foaming, and defoaming are due to the effects of the surface and interfacial tension of liquids.
Liquids are in a state where molecules can move relatively freely.
Focusing on the molecules present at the surface (more precisely, the "interface" between the liquid and the atmosphere), intermolecular forces act not only between the molecules on the bulk side but also between the molecules in the atmosphere.
However, due to the overwhelmingly high density of the molecules on the bulk side, the molecules present at the surface are constantly being pulled inward (toward the bulk side).
As a result, it appears that a tension is acting to contract the surface. This is known as "surface tension" (more precisely, interfacial tension).
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