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The importance of changes in steel transformation and organizational structure, and hardness adjustment through heat treatment.

[Reproduction Private Spring Preparatory School Lecture 28] We are explaining using a diagram that shows the carbon content and the proportion of organizational components in steel!

As a policy of our preparatory school, we aim to make our lectures as easy as possible while ensuring the content is rich and profound. However, for a while, I believe we will continue with some difficult explanations. Please study with the same enthusiasm as a wife reading a cookbook. Now, phase transformation occurs at temperatures above 700 degrees, but first, let's examine the structure of steel at room temperature. *For detailed content, you can view the PDF. For more information, please feel free to contact us.*

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Explanation of the temperature changes due to the steel transformation process and the influence of carbon.

[Reproduction of Private Spring Preparatory School Lecture 29] Pure iron at room temperature undergoes a sudden transformation into gamma iron when the temperature rises to 910 degrees!

Last time, I briefly explained "Steel H," but today I will finally get serious and talk about perversion. As we learned previously, steel is an alloy of iron and carbon, and the strength and structure of steel change depending on the carbon content. However, it also varies with temperature, and the stable state is represented by a "phase diagram." *For detailed content of the article, you can view it in the PDF. Please feel free to contact us for more information.*

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Detailed explanation of dimensional changes due to quenching and tempering, and heat treatment techniques.

[Reproduction of Private Spring Preparatory School Lecture 32] Explanation of the relationship between temperature and elongation when heated slowly and cooled slowly!

I have been studying quenching and tempering lately, so please bear with me a little longer. ■ Expands to the point of rapid cooling I have lectured on the changes in structure caused by quenching and tempering, but today I would like to talk a bit about changes in dimensions. * For detailed content of the article, you can view it in the PDF. Please feel free to contact us for more information.

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Causes of defects due to heat treatment and preventive measures: countermeasures for overheating, quenching, and cracking.

[Reprint Private Spring Preparatory School Lecture 33] What you need to be careful about is overheating! An introduction to defects that are likely to occur during heat treatment.

Today, in the sense of a final review, let's study the defects that are likely to occur during heat treatment. The first thing to be cautious about is overheating. This occurs when steel is unnecessarily heated to a temperature above the specified level, which not only damages the fuel but also accelerates the wear of the furnace. Overheated materials are prone to decarburization, oxidation, and grain coarsening, leading to cracking and making the mechanical properties more brittle. In the heat treatment of springs, there is also a chance of overheating during shaping and quenching heating. How can we prevent this? *For detailed content of the article, please refer to the PDF. For more information, feel free to contact us.*

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Introduction to types of spring steel wire, their applications, and the production process.

[Reproduction of Private Spring Preparatory School Lecture 34] Introduction to soft steel wire, hard steel wire, piano wire, and welding rod core wire!

Now that the new students have arrived, we will temporarily pause our studies on heat treatment and start with materials for springs, beginning with steel wire. I feel sorry for the new students, but if any unfamiliar terms come up during the lecture, please ask the seniors from the second-year repeaters for help. It’s fine to jump straight into spring steel wire, but remember the saying, "Spring days are long, and haste makes waste." I will digress a bit, but it would be beneficial to introduce the various types of wires, as it will help in understanding spring steel wire. *For detailed content, please refer to the PDF. For more information, feel free to contact us.*

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The relationship between the quality and surface defects of spring steel wire and its price.

[Reproduction Private Spring Preparatory School Lecture 38] Make sure to check that there are differences in price depending on the type of line and the line diameter!

Last time, I lectured on the manufacturing process of spring steel wire. We studied how more effort is put into removing surface defects for higher quality wires. Today, I will discuss how this affects the surface defects of the wire and how it reflects on the price. First, looking at the raw material wire, the higher the carbon content, the more expensive it is. For example, if the price of high carbon steel wire type 6 is set at 100, then that of high carbon steel wire type 4 is 87. *For detailed content of the article, please refer to the PDF. For more information, feel free to contact us.*

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Quality and tensile strength of spring steel wire and changes in coil diameter.

[Reproduction of Private Spring Preparatory School Lecture 39] An explanation of how the tensile strength of spring steel wire significantly affects coiling!

I also assigned this as homework, but did you understand the differences in quality and performance among various types of spring steel wire? Today, let's try making springs with steel wire. Oh, excuse me, you all are better at spring manufacturing than I am. I would like to learn from you, so let's skip that. By the way, why do the springs made from spring steel wire fit precisely into certain dimensions and specific spring characteristics? *For detailed content, you can view it in the PDF. Please feel free to contact us for more information.*

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Quality degradation due to grinding of the spring end face and heat generation, and points to note.

[Reproduction of Private Spring Preparatory School Lecture 42] Thin wire springs, thick wire springs! An explanation of the issues of end face grinding and shot peening for both.

Even for the same type of wire springs, when the wire diameter is thick and reaches 12 millimeters or more, the manufacturing process changes as follows: ■ Material: Annealed wire ■ Process: Coiling → Cutting → Hardening → Tempering → End face grinding → Setting In some cases, shot peening may be performed after end face grinding, similar to fine wire springs. Now, let's study the common issues of both fine wire springs and thick wire springs, specifically end face grinding and shot peening. *For detailed content of the article, please refer to the PDF. For more information, feel free to contact us.*

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Improvement of fatigue resistance of springs by shot peening and precautions during processing.

[Reproduction of Private Spring Preparatory School Lecture 43] Fine matte texture on airplane parts! Explanation of shot peening.

Shot peening is a processing method in which countless small steel balls are struck against the surface of springs that have completed shaping and heat treatment. As a result of this processing, the surface of the spring develops numerous indentations and becomes similar to a pearlescent pattern. The formation of these surface irregularities occurs because the steel balls collide with great force against the surface of the steel, causing that area to undergo plastic deformation. *For more detailed information, please refer to the PDF. Feel free to contact us for further inquiries.

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A comprehensive summary of the causes of wire spring damage and preventive measures.

[Reproduction of Private Spring Preparatory School Lecture 45] The usable temperatures of various steel wires and JIS related to wire springs are also included in the table!

I would like to conclude the long study of spring mechanics with this session. Looking at examples of spring failures, they can be broadly categorized into breakage and deformation. Among these, the causes of breakage are mostly due to manufacturing defects and usage defects, while material defects are relatively minor. A common manufacturing defect is surface defects caused by overheating during heat treatment. In terms of usage defects, deterioration due to corrosion is likely. In the former case, shot peening is effective, while in the latter case, using stainless steel materials is effective. *For detailed content of the article, please refer to the PDF. For more information, feel free to contact us.*

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The Flower Preparatory School Festival: Lessons Hidden in the Songs Unraveled by the Folk Song Club

[Reproduction of Private Spring Preparatory School Lecture 46] Introducing songs about mainsprings, songs that encourage quality control, and songs related to painting and spring surfaces!

We decided to hold a school festival here to foster a connection between teachers and students. Titled, "Flower's Spring Prep School - School Festival." I wonder what kind of repertoire will emerge from the seriously diligent students. It's a mix of worry and excitement. First of all, the first classroom is very lively, so we've decided to come here today. Neither the president nor the students are studying today. Let's join together with the teachers and take a look at the results of our club activities. *For detailed information, please refer to the PDF. Feel free to contact us for more details.

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A Satirical and Humorous Senryu of Prep School Students Seen Through Springs and Peening

[Reprint Private Spring Preparatory School Lecture 48] Introducing a short poem consisting of three lines of 5-7-5 syllables, primarily focusing on humor and satire!

This is the third time for the Hanano Preparatory School's cultural festival. It’s both beneficial and not beneficial, which is what makes it great. If we only talk about things that are beneficial, it becomes like a wedding table speech, and it gets boring. In that regard, our school's haiku club, which I will visit today, may not have much to offer and is quite poor, but it somehow gives off an interesting vibe. *For detailed content, you can view it in the PDF. Please feel free to contact us for more information.*

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The relationship between spring stiffness and strength, an important point in design.

[Reproduction of Private Spring Preparatory School Lecture 52] Exploring specific examples of spring stiffness! We will also explain the limitations of using a spring scale.

In general, the hardness of a spring falls within a certain range. If it is too soft, it will deform under a small load, and if it is too hard, it will have low toughness and may break. Therefore, there arises a suitable hardness that is neither too hard nor too soft, which is referred to as "spring hardness." To impart this spring hardness to metals, methods such as cold working and quenching and tempering are used. Now, let’s explore specific examples of spring hardness. *For detailed content of the article, please refer to the PDF. For more information, feel free to contact us.*

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Changes in the structure of steel due to quenching and the hardening mechanism, the influence of carbon content, and its applications.

[Reproduction of Private Spring Preparatory School Lecture 54] Changes When Hardening is Done! Explanation of Carbon Content and Hardness from Hardening.

Today, let's investigate the changes that occur when quenching. First of all, it is absolutely necessary to heat the steel to a red heat for quenching. The temperature for this is the standard quenching temperature found in the familiar JIS spring steel material table. However, this is an example for heat treatment of tensile test specimens. In reality, whether it is a leaf spring or a coil spring, there is a forming process involved, so the temperature at the end of the forming process corresponds to this temperature. Now, let's consider what significance this quenching temperature has. *For detailed content of the article, please refer to the PDF. For more information, feel free to contact us.*

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Causes of quenching distortion and methods for suppression, effective measures using press quenching methods.

[Reproduction of Private Spring Preparatory School Lecture 61] Explanation of quenching distortion! A method of quenching with less distortion is also explained.

Let's study how quenching distortion occurs. Even without special study, you can clearly understand the results just by conducting an experiment. A flat spring plate of appropriate length is ideal for the experiment. Heat this spring plate to the quenching temperature and cool it from only one side of the plate. For example, if you cool only the bottom side, it will ultimately deform so that the bottom side becomes convex. Let's look at the diagram. First, since the bottom side of the plate is sprayed with water, it will naturally shrink due to thermal contraction. In other words, since the bottom side shrinks, the plate will deform to be convex upwards. *For detailed content of the article, please refer to the PDF. For more information, feel free to contact us.

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