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AMK Co., Ltd. is a company that handles industrial far-infrared heaters, heating devices, and drying equipment. The maximum wavelength of radiation energy from a black body can be derived from λT = 2898 μm·K, but in reality, the integral radiation energy is 25% on the short wavelength side and 75% on the long wavelength side, maintaining the same ratio at any peak wavelength. Therefore, when using far-infrared heaters, it is more practical to focus on finding the temperature that can efficiently heat the object rather than emphasizing the peak wavelength. Focusing too much on the peak wavelength may lead to a processing temperature that is far from the required temperature, potentially concluding that far-infrared heating is ineffective. *For more details, please refer to the PDF document or feel free to contact us.*

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AMK Co., Ltd. is a company that deals with industrial far-infrared heaters, heating devices, and drying equipment. One way to confirm the effectiveness of far-infrared heaters is by measuring the emissivity at each wavelength. This measurement method, known as spectral emissivity, is specified in JIS R 1801. The measuring instrument is called a Fourier Transform Infrared Spectrometer, abbreviated as FTIR. The principle involves measuring the interference waveform of light as a function of space or time and obtaining the spectrum through Fourier transformation. Currently, spectral emissivity measurement using FTIR is mainstream. The resulting graph has frequency (wavelength) on the horizontal axis and ranges from 1 (black body) to 0 on the vertical axis. The closer the value is to 1 at each wavelength, the closer it is to the emissivity of a black body. However, it is important to note that this is a ratio compared to a black body at each wavelength. The difficulty in measurement lies in accurately measuring the temperature of the black body furnace, which is the light source, and the surface temperature of the sample. Considerable skill and experience are required, and different results can often occur depending on the person conducting the measurement or the measuring institution. *For more details, please refer to the PDF document or feel free to contact us.*

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AMK Co., Ltd. is a company that handles industrial far-infrared heaters, heating devices, and drying equipment. The energy radiated per unit area and per unit solid angle from the surface of far-infrared radiation (W), which indicates the brightness of the light source, is referred to as radiance (W/cm²/str). The radiance for each wavelength is expressed as spectral radiance according to Planck's law, and as the temperature increases, the radiance becomes higher and the peak wavelength shifts towards shorter wavelengths. By integrating the radiance at each wavelength derived from Planck's law, the radiance can be determined. Radiance = εσT^4 (where ε is emissivity, σ is 5060707×10^-12, and T is absolute temperature + temperature) The brightness is proportional to the fourth power of the temperature, which is known as the Stefan-Boltzmann law. This means that even a slight increase in the temperature of the heater will significantly enhance the heating effect. "Radiance" refers to the energy radiated from the surface of the heat source, while the energy received by the other side is called "irradiance," which is a completely different physical quantity. *For more details, please refer to the PDF document or feel free to contact us.*

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AMK Co., Ltd. is a company that handles industrial far-infrared heaters, heating devices, and drying equipment. Regarding JIS related to far-infrared radiation, there are three points as follows: ■ JIS Z 8117 Far-Infrared Terminology Scope: This standard specifies the main terms related to far-infrared radiation and their definitions. ■ JIS R 1801 Method for Measuring Spectral Emissivity of Ceramics Used as Radiating Elements in Far-Infrared Heaters by FTIR Scope: This standard specifies a method for measuring the spectral emissivity of the surface of ceramics used as radiating elements in far-infrared heaters, using FTIR (Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy), in the wavelength range of approximately 2.5 μm to 25 μm. ■ JIS R 1803 Method for Measuring Spectral Radiant Energy in the Far-Infrared Region of Far-Infrared Heaters Scope: This standard specifies a method for determining the radiant energy of far-infrared heaters in arbitrary wavelength ranges based on the measurement results of the heater surface temperature distribution using thermography. *For more details, please refer to the PDF document or feel free to contact us.*

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AMK Co., Ltd. is a company that handles industrial far-infrared heaters, heating devices, and drying equipment. The heating furnace experiences the greatest drop in performance due to dirt on the furnace walls, reflector, and heater surface during the first year of use. After that period, it stabilizes, and the efficiency does not drop significantly. In particular, when the painting line is automated from the painting booth to the conveyor, paint mist enters the furnace and contaminates the furnace walls, etc. Therefore, it is better to consider the furnace's efficiency as 80-90% instead of 100%. If several years pass and the efficiency drops further, it will be necessary to inspect for other causes, such as heater deterioration or sensor abnormalities. *For more details, please refer to the PDF document or feel free to contact us.*

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AMK Co., Ltd. is a company that handles industrial far-infrared heaters, heating devices, and drying equipment. The drying and curing of melamine paint specifications require heating at 130°C for 3 minutes. However, with convection heating (hot air furnace heating), when the surface comes into direct contact with a 130°C atmosphere, the temperature of the paint surface rises rapidly, causing a film to form and trapping the internal solvent. As the temperature inside the paint rises, phenomena such as foaming and cracking occur due to solvent evaporation. To avoid this, the temperature must be gradually increased to 130°C, allowing solvent evaporation from the entire thickness of the paint film, which takes about 20 minutes until curing is complete. With far-infrared heating, without any setup, for example, in a heater furnace with a surface temperature of 500°C, the painted item reaches 130°C to 150°C in about 3 minutes. Even after removal, the hardness of the paint film and other qualities are often superior to those achieved with hot air heating. Far-infrared heating is very well absorbed by organic materials, allowing a large amount of energy to be absorbed at the paint surface, and the heat transfer to the interior of the paint film occurs almost instantaneously, resulting in the surface and interior of the paint film being nearly the same temperature. As a result, solvents are expelled from the entire paint film, preventing pinholes and cracks. *For more details, please refer to the PDF document or feel free to contact us.

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It is said that the first industrial use of infrared heating was by the Ford Motor Company in the United States. [History] ■1938: Painting curing using infrared bulbs (near-infrared) ■1960s: Practical use of quartz tube heaters (mid-infrared), still in use today ■1970s: Started to be used in various industries ■1980s: Active development of heating technology, with many heating source manufacturers emerging After that, it was widely used in painting, automotive, and home appliance industries, and further expanded to heating and drying rubber products, plastics, and more. It also began to be used for drying after cleaning glass substrates, and recently, many products are being produced in clean rooms, where far-infrared heating is actively utilized as it is optimal for clean heating. *For more details, please refer to the PDF document or feel free to contact us.

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AMK Co., Ltd. is a company that handles industrial far-infrared heaters, heating devices, and drying equipment. Here are the types of far-infrared heaters: 【Types】 ■ Pipe-type heater A heater that has a coil-shaped heating element installed in the center of a ceramic pipe or a metal pipe coated with far-infrared radiation ceramic, used together with a reflector. ■ Metal rod-type heater A heater that has a metal tube (sheath heater) coated with far-infrared radiation ceramic, used together with a reflector. ■ Ceramic plate-type heater A heater that has a ceramic plate or metal plate coated with far-infrared radiation ceramic, capable of producing custom types from a single piece. ■ Ceramic cast-type heater A small ceramic heater made by placing heating wires in a mold, pouring in ceramic, and firing it. ■ Others There are also models that use gas or steam instead of electricity as the heat source, and steam models can be made explosion-proof. *For more details, please refer to the PDF materials or feel free to contact us.

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In Japan, wavelengths of 3μ or more are referred to as far infrared, while those below are called near infrared. We have devised a far infrared heating system suitable for Japan that can be processed with compact equipment, which is expected to yield efficient and high-quality results. Furthermore, continuous production is now possible, leading to labor savings. The radiation energy of near infrared heaters is constant, and the wavelength distribution follows Planck's radiation law. The heating element is a metal filament sealed within a glass tube filled with inert gas. While the temperature of the heating element cannot be measured directly, the maximum radiation wavelength from a 2000°C filament is approximately 1.3μ. Thus, heaters with a maximum wavelength of less than 2 microns are referred to as near infrared heaters, and since the maximum radiation wavelength from a 1000°C filament is about 2.3μ, heaters with a maximum wavelength of 2 to 4μ are classified as mid-infrared. *For more details, please refer to the PDF document or feel free to contact us.*

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AMK Co., Ltd. is a company that handles industrial far-infrared heaters, heating devices, and drying equipment. Here are some commonly seen terms in the literature on far-infrared radiation. 【Terms】 ■Radiant Energy J - Energy is evaluated based on its magnitude per unit time, represented by the symbol Qe. ■Radiant Flux W - Since far-infrared radiation is electromagnetic waves, it refers to the radiant energy within a unit time. *Practically, it is often quantified by the following radiant emittance or radiant intensity. ■Radiant Emittance W/Cm² - The value obtained by dividing the radiant flux emitted from a small surface by its area (the power density of electromagnetic waves), represented by the symbol Me. ■Radiant Intensity W/st - The value obtained by dividing the radiant flux emitted from a point source in a certain direction into a small solid angle by that solid angle (watts per steradian), represented by the symbol Ie. ■Radiant Luminance W/st·m² - The value obtained by dividing the radiant intensity from a small surface of the radiation source in a certain direction by the area of the orthogonal projection in that direction, represented by the symbol Le. ■Radiant Irradiance W/m² - The value obtained by dividing the radiant flux incident on a small surface by the area of that surface, represented by the symbol Ee. *Currently, there are no devices that can measure it as simply as light. *For more details, please refer to the PDF materials or feel free to contact us.

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AMK Co., Ltd. is a company that deals with industrial far-infrared heaters and heating and drying equipment. The types of painting drying include drying after cleaning before painting, drying of solvents after painting, and curing after painting. Traditionally, hot air drying was the mainstream method, but recently, near-infrared and far-infrared have become more commonly used. Here are the characteristics of each type. [Types] ■ Hot Air Drying - A method that provides heat to the coating film through forced convection by exchanging air and heat with a heat source. ■ Near-Infrared Drying - Heating and drying using a short-wavelength heater equipped with a heat source such as a tungsten filament, with inert gas sealed inside a glass tube. ■ Far-Infrared Drying - Using a heat source with a wavelength of 3μ or more. *For more details, please refer to the PDF document or feel free to contact us.

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