[Information] Shirutoku Report No. 67 #Method of Controlling Ballast Electricity

To keep the lamp lit stably, it is necessary to control the power output according to the condition of the lamp!

★★Shirutoku Report: Useful Information You Should Know★★ This report introduces the features of ballast power control. The ballast power supply refers to a device that stabilizes the discharge state of lamps, which are light sources such as car headlights and LCD projectors. Unlike general power supplies that operate under constant voltage or constant current, to keep the lamp lit stably, it is necessary to understand the lighting characteristics of each type of lamp and control the power output according to the lamp's condition. [Contents] ■ Example of lighting characteristics of ultra-high pressure mercury lamps used in LCD projectors ■ Fast control is required ■ Emits light at the necessary brightness ■ Control of the switching operation itself *For more details, please refer to the PDF document or feel free to contact us.

• Other power sources
• power supply

Be cautious of inductance that does not appear in the circuit diagram! A problem unique to the field of power electronics.

★★Shirutoku Report: Useful Information You Should Know★★ This report introduces the circuit operation of power converters. A power converter is a device that converts the direct current (DC) generated by solar panels into alternating current (AC) for commercial power systems. As an example, we have included a configuration diagram that only describes the power circuit in a transformerless method. Please take a moment to read it. 【Featured Content】 ■ About the circuit operation of power converters - Chopper circuit - Inverter circuit ■ Have you ever experienced issues such as the device not operating even though it was built according to the circuit diagram, or switching elements failing immediately? *For more details, please refer to the PDF document or feel free to contact us.

• inverter

Questions and Solutions! Key Points to Keep in Mind When Developing Waterproof Products

★★Shirutoku Report: Useful Information You Should Know★★ In this report, we introduce the most frequently asked questions from customers regarding the development of waterproof products and their solutions. You may have come across the terms "waterproof specifications IPX5, 6, 7" in various product fields. Waterproof specifications have become a standard feature in smartphones, and as a result, the demand for waterproof functionality is increasingly being sought in consumer products as a whole. We provide answers and key points to questions such as "What are the structural differences between waterproof and non-waterproof products?" and "What does the evaluation of waterproof products entail?" We encourage you to read through it. 【Contents (Excerpt)】 ■Question: What are the structural differences between waterproof and non-waterproof products? ■Question: I want to have a certain level of waterproof performance, but I would rather prioritize design and production costs. In such cases, what level of protection rating is achievable? ■Question: What does the evaluation of waterproof products entail? *For more details, please refer to the PDF document or feel free to contact us.

• Circuit board design and manufacturing

The grounding (GND) of the antenna is important! Things to be careful about when designing an antenna.

★★Shirutoku Report: Useful Information You Should Know★★ This report introduces the "antenna," which is essential for communication devices. We describe the antennas commonly used in wireless communication devices along with their features. Our company provides support services to address improvements in antenna communication distance, so if you have any inquiries or would like to consult with us, please feel free to contact us. 【Contents】 ■ Antennas used in wireless communication devices ■ Grounding (GND) is important for antennas! ■ Be cautious with the substrate when using pattern antennas! ■ Check the finish once the substrate is completed! ■ Pay attention to the area around the antenna! ■ Strategies for improving antenna communication distance *For more details, please refer to the PDF document or feel free to contact us.*

• antenna

Promoting development design! Custom measurement and interface circuits.

★★Shirutoku Report: Useful Information You Can Benefit From★★ This report introduces the utilization of "interface circuits" that make measurement convenient, which is being worked on by the Custom Technology Division. Our company occasionally prepares original "interface circuits" with high versatility, and this time we are featuring one of those examples. Proposing solutions to our customers' challenges is a hallmark of our services. We look forward to hearing from those who are interested. 【Contents (Excerpt)】 ■ Providing services centered around custom measurement ■ What is an interface circuit? ■ Image of the configuration of an interface circuit (analog isolation circuit board) ■ Production board for interface circuits (analog isolation circuit board) *For more details, please refer to the PDF document or feel free to contact us.

• Other Connectors
• Other inspection equipment and devices
• Contract measurement

Knowing the configuration (types) of substrate data can prevent unexpected schedule delays.

★★Shirutoku Report: Useful Information You Should Know★★ This report introduces the composition (types) of circuit board data. We provide a diagram outlining the general flow from circuit board design to manufacturing. Our company can convert Gerber data into our CAD data (CR5000BD) for design purposes when revisions to existing circuit boards are necessary, such as for the development of similar models or for dealing with discontinued parts (EOL, discon). If you need design work that utilizes existing design assets, please feel free to contact us. 【Main Circuit Board Design CAD (Excerpt)】 ■CR5000BD (Zuken) - Circuit board CAD data file extension: .pcb/.rul - Cover data file extension: .phl/.phd ■CR8000DF (Zuken) - Circuit board CAD data file extension: .dsgn - Cover data file extension: fph/fpl *For more details, please refer to the PDF document or feel free to contact us.

• Circuit board design and manufacturing

Responding to various customer inquiries based on the experience and knowledge gained from previous design and evaluation.

★★Shirutoku Report: Useful Information You Can Benefit From★★ Our company is involved in the development of semiconductor package mounting technology and mounting reliability technology. We mainly focus on packages known as BGA (Ball Grid Array). In this report, we will introduce the daisy chain sample used for evaluating the mounting reliability of semiconductor packages. [Contents] ■ Daisy chain sample for identifying breakage locations ■ Daisy chain sample for identifying breakage locations - Case studies from customer inquiries *For more details, please refer to the PDF document or feel free to contact us.*

• Other semiconductors
• Circuit board design and manufacturing

If you have any concerns, whether related to new designs or responses to production discontinuation, please feel free to consult with us.

★★Shirutoku Report: Useful Information You Should Know★★ Power supply equipment must satisfy the lifespan of products with components such as electrolytic capacitors, phototransistors (optical communication devices), and relays. There are many instances where lifespan verification is conducted through lifespan calculations and electrical evaluations. This report introduces examples of electrical evaluations. [Contents] ■Electrolytic Capacitors ■Phototransistors *For more details, please refer to the PDF document or feel free to contact us.*

• Other inspection equipment and devices

The method is super easy! Just search for Wi-Fi signals and display the obtained data on the screen!

★★Useful Information Report: Knowledge is Gained★★ This report introduces a board called M5stack, which is equipped with a Wi-Fi module called "ESP32," along with practical examples of its use. The creation process is super simple: it searches for Wi-Fi signals and displays the acquired data on the screen. That's all there is to it. Please take a moment to read it. 【Contents】 ■How to Make a Simple Wi-Fi Checker ・Recipe *For more details, please refer to the PDF document or feel free to contact us.

• Other inspection equipment and devices

Key points to consider in power supply design! Here are some points for beginners to keep in mind when designing.

★★Shirutoku Report: Useful Information You Should Know★★ The "power supply" is an essential component in electrical circuits. The "power supply" has functions such as converting voltage levels and transforming alternating current (AC) to direct current (DC). Among these, I would like to discuss the frequently used "DC-DC converter." A "DC-DC converter" is a device that converts direct current into direct current at different voltage levels. While detailed design methods can be referenced in specialized books, this report introduces key points for beginners when designing. [Contents] ■ Key Points in Circuit Design *For more details, please refer to the PDF document or feel free to contact us.*

• power supply
• Circuit board design and manufacturing

How is a metal casing made? A brief introduction to processing methods and design techniques.

★★Shirutoku Report: Useful Information You Can Benefit From★★ Without further ado, I will talk about the metal enclosures I am currently involved in developing. There are various processing methods for creating metal enclosures, and the design approach changes depending on the processing method. This report briefly introduces the representative processing methods and design approaches for metal enclosures. [Contents] ■ Press bending processing ■ Deep drawing processing ■ Die casting *For more details, please refer to the PDF document or feel free to contact us.

• Mold Design
• Processing Contract

Why do optical semiconductors fail? Let me explain a bit more about failures caused by light!

★★Shirutoku Report: Useful Information You Can Benefit From★★ What kind of semiconductor failures come to mind when you think of them? First, you might think of damage caused by static electricity, right? Of course, optical semiconductors can also fail due to static electricity, but they can also fail due to light itself. In this report, we will explain a bit more about failures caused by light. [Contents] ■Failures Caused by Light *For more details, please refer to the PDF document or feel free to contact us.*

• diode
• Other semiconductors
• Semiconductor inspection/test equipment

Efficient power supply using SiC devices! A brief introduction to the types and features of diodes.

★★Shirutoku Report: Useful Information You Should Know★★ By changing semiconductor materials from Si to SiC (silicon carbide), the breakdown voltage of Schottky Barrier Diodes (SBD) has improved, making them usable in DC/DC converters for PCS. While performance improves with SiC, cost issues had previously hindered its adoption. However, in the last year or two, cost challenges have been addressed, leading to increased opportunities for use. This report will briefly explain the types and characteristics of diodes. 【Contents】 ■ Types and Characteristics of Diodes *For more details, please refer to the PDF document or feel free to contact us.*

• power supply
• diode

The concept of distributed constant circuits is becoming necessary! An explanation of characteristic impedance and substrate design.

★★Useful Information Report: Knowledge is Power★★ This report introduces the "characteristic impedance (wiring impedance)" of printed circuit boards. With the recent increase in the speed of digital signals, the design of digital circuit boards now requires the concept of distributed constant circuits rather than lumped constant circuits, making it essential to consider the characteristic impedance of the board in the design. So, how do we determine the characteristic impedance of a printed circuit board? [Contents] ■ Characteristic Impedance of Printed Circuit Boards *For more details, please refer to the PDF document or feel free to contact us.*

• Printed Circuit Board
• Circuit board design and manufacturing
• Prototype Services

"What is V2H?" "What can be done with V2H?" Published! An explanation of how to utilize electric vehicles at home.

★★Shirutoku Report: Useful Information You Can Benefit From★★ In recent years, our company has seen an increase in automotive-related operations and is involved with a vehicle-to-home (V2H) electric vehicle charging and discharging system. V2H stands for "Vehicle to Home," which is an abbreviation for a system that allows the use of an electric vehicle's battery at home. This report will introduce V2H. [Contents] ■ What is V2H? ■ What can you do with V2H? *For more details, please refer to the PDF document or feel free to contact us.*

• power supply
• Secondary Cells/Batteries
• Power storage device

Explanation of the types and uses of substrates! In particular, we will introduce the types of rigid substrates.

★★Shirutoku Report: Useful Information You Can Benefit From★★ The design values and finished values for wiring widths and layer spacing differ depending on the type of circuit board and manufacturing methods (such as subtractive methods, semi-additive methods, etc.). In this report, we will introduce the different types of circuit boards available. Additionally, WTI offers various types of circuit board design and prototyping services. Please feel free to reach out to us. 【Contents】 ■ Types of Circuit Boards and Their Applications *For more details, please refer to the PDF document or feel free to contact us.*

• Printed Circuit Board
• Circuit board design and manufacturing
• Prototype Services

It is important to be aware of thermal issues from the early stages of design! Introducing preventive diagnostics for thermal problems.

★★Shirutoku Report: Useful Information You Should Know★★ The required performance of developed products is increasing year by year, leading to a more challenging thermal situation due to the need to make products thinner and smaller, as well as the addition of circuit functions (such as communication functions), which increases heat sources. In response, our company has decided to offer a service to assess the presence of thermal issues and the difficulty of thermal design early in the design process (preventive diagnosis of thermal issues). This report explains "Product Performance Requirements and Thermal Issues" and "Contents of Preventive Diagnosis of Thermal Issues." [Contents] ■ About Thermal Simulation ■ Product Performance Requirements and Thermal Issues ■ Contents of Preventive Diagnosis of Thermal Issues *For more details, please refer to the PDF document or feel free to contact us.

• Other contract services

Introducing programming using OTA with ESP32 via Wi-Fi!

★★Shirutoku Report Useful Information You Should Know★★ The ESP32 is a microcontroller that integrates Wi-Fi and Bluetooth, manufactured by Espressif Systems, a wireless chip maker based in Shanghai. OTA stands for Over The Air, which allows programming to be written via wireless networks such as Wi-Fi, mobile data communication, and Bluetooth. In this report, we attempted programming using OTA on the ESP32 microcontroller, and we will introduce the details of that experience. [Contents] ■ What is ESP32 ■ What is OTA ■ Boards Used ■ Writing the Program *For more details, please refer to the PDF document or feel free to contact us.

• LED Module
• Other information systems

A suitable structural examination is necessary due to the mounted components and wiring density! An explanation of the structure of the substrate.

★★Shirutoku Report: Useful Information You Should Know★★ This report introduces the "Structure of PCBs." It includes topics such as "Classification by PCB Structure," "Conductor Materials and Solder Resist," and "The Importance of Initial Considerations in PCB Structure." Our company is also capable of PCB design starting from initial considerations, including PCB structure. If you have any concerns, please feel free to reach out to us. 【Contents】 ■ Classification by PCB Structure ■ Conductor Materials and Solder Resist ■ The Importance of Initial Considerations in PCB Structure ■ About Flexible PCBs *For more details, please refer to the PDF document or feel free to contact us.*

• Printed Circuit Board

Content to be confirmed in structural evaluation! Explanation of drop tests and waterproof tests.

★★Shirutoku Report: Useful Information You Can Benefit From★★ This report introduces typical evaluations (drop tests, waterproof tests) conducted in the development and design of mobile communication devices. The drop test is the first test performed to confirm the strength of the casing. The waterproof test is based on protection grades related to waterproofing defined by IEC (International Electrotechnical Commission) and JIS (Japanese Industrial Standards), and it is necessary to select a testing method that suits the product's purpose. In addition to structural evaluations, there are other tests such as pressure tests and key press tests, and WTI is capable of handling various tests. If you have any inquiries about what we can do, please feel free to reach out to us. [Contents] ■ Drop Test ■ Waterproof Test *For more details, please refer to the PDF document or feel free to contact us.*

• Impact Test
• others

It is also possible to reduce high manufacturing initial costs! Here are some tips for reducing the cost of printed circuit boards.

★★Shirutoku Report: Useful Information You Should Know★★ Printed circuit boards (PCBs) are relatively expensive components among electronic devices, and depending on the quality of the design, the use of the board may change, which can impact costs. You might consider searching for inexpensive PCB manufacturers overseas and adopting them, but the factors that significantly affect the cost of printed circuit boards are "board structure/layer count" and "board size." This report focuses on "board size" and introduces tips for reducing PCB costs. [Contents] ■ Tips for Reducing Costs Based on Board Size *For more details, please refer to the PDF document or feel free to contact us.*

• Printed Circuit Board

We are collaborating to solve our customers' problems by utilizing FPGAs!

★★Shirutoku Report: Useful Information You Should Know★★ In this report, we will focus on the response to the discontinuation of parts using "FPGA." This is not about replacing the parts themselves with "FPGA," but rather introducing designs that implement measures for the discontinuation of LCD panel production using "FPGA." If you need designs such as "I want to perform data processing for high-speed serial communication with FPGA" or "I want to process signals from sensors with FPGA and transfer data," please feel free to contact us. 【Contents】 ■ Solutions with "FPGA"!? *For more details, please refer to the PDF document or feel free to contact us.*

• Board to Board Connectors
• Circuit board design and manufacturing
• Control Panel

Introducing common questions regarding screw structures in waterproof design and points to consider during their examination!

★★Shirutoku Report: Useful Information You Should Know★★ When designing for waterproofing, many people tend to focus solely on the gasket parts of the enclosure. In fact, the screw areas require even more attention than the main waterproof sections. In this report, we discuss the screw structures in waterproof design and the points to consider that are frequently asked about. Please take a moment to read it. 【Contents】 ■ Services we have received inquiries about ■ Frequently asked questions - What specifications should be applied for waterproof screws? - What is the most important point to be cautious about when using waterproof screws? *For more details, please refer to the PDF document or feel free to contact us.

• Waterproof Connector

Particularly common requests! Circuit board design for small, high-density implementations used in IoT devices and wearable devices!

★★Shirutoku Report: Useful Information You Should Know★★ In WTI's circuit board design, we handle various types of board designs, including large-scale circuits, multilayer wiring boards, high-density mounting boards, and flexible printed circuits (FPC). Particularly in demand are the designs for small, high-density mounting boards used in IoT devices and wearable devices. To reduce the size of products and lower the cost of boards, it is common to adopt BGA packages for microcontrollers and FPGAs. This report discusses 'BGA Board Design.' We encourage you to read it. [Contents] ■ About BGA Board Design *For more details, please refer to the PDF document or feel free to contact us.*

• Board to Board Connectors
• Board to Cable Connector
• Circuit board design and manufacturing

A structure in which electrodes are provided on the substrate, solder balls are formed on top, and are joined to the electrodes on the package side!

★★Shirutoku Report: Useful Information You Should Know★★ In this report, we will discuss the analysis methods for "BGA packages." "BGA" stands for "Ball Grid Array," which is a type of package for integrated circuits (ICs). In simple terms, it is a surface mount package that has electrodes (lands) on the substrate, with solder balls formed on top to connect to the electrodes on the package side. For more details, please take a look. [Contents] ■ About BGA Packages ■ Dyeing Analysis ■ Cross-Section Polishing *For more information, please refer to the PDF document or feel free to contact us.*

• Contract Analysis
• Other analyses
• Contract Analysis

Automatic control with control programs! We are presenting the benefits of automatically controlling measuring instruments.

★★Shirutoku Report: Useful Information You Can Benefit From★★ In this report, we would like to introduce the automatic control of measurement devices related to optical devices. To confirm the functionality of optical devices, multiple characteristics such as optical output, light reception sensitivity, and frequency characteristics are measured and evaluated. To evaluate these characteristics, a variety of measurement devices are used, including DC power supplies, temperature controllers, and optical component analyzers. For more details, please be sure to read on. 【Contents】 ■Automatic Control of Measurement Devices 　・Benefits of Automatically Controlling Measurement Devices *For more information, please refer to the PDF document or feel free to contact us.*

• Piezoelectric Devices
• Other measurement, recording and measuring instruments

Consideration to meet product specifications! Examples of component layout taking electrical characteristics into account are included!

★★Shirutoku Report: Useful Information You Should Know★★ This report introduces considerations for component placement. It is rare to use a circuit board in isolation; it is often housed in a case or connected to other devices. In component placement considerations, we first position components that cannot be moved structurally, such as connectors and switches. For other components, we proceed with the placement while paying attention to structural placement constraints (height limitations of components, prohibited areas for placement and wiring). For more details, please take a moment to read through. 【Contents】 ■ Consideration of structural constraints in component placement ■ Placement considerations based on electrical characteristics ■ Wiring considerations *For more information, please refer to the PDF document or feel free to contact us.

• Printed Circuit Board
• Other electronic parts

Improved quality of circuit board design! Published the design rule setting items for circuit board design!

★★Shirutoku Report: Useful Information You Should Know★★ This report introduces DRC. DRC stands for Design Rule Check, which is a function of PCB CAD that verifies whether the design adheres to the set design rules and can automatically detect violations of those rules. The advent of PCB CAD has reduced labor costs and improved the quality of PCB design. While DRC is very convenient, it is crucial to correctly set the design rules for the PCB CAD to accurately identify rule violations. For more details, please take a look. 【Contents】 ■ About DRC - Items for setting design rules in PCB design *For more information, please refer to the PDF document or feel free to contact us.*

• Printed Circuit Board
• Other CAD
• Other CAD related software

Explaining the points to note for multi-channel automatic measurement! Using a switch expands the range of automatic measurement!

★★Shirutoku Report: Useful Information You Should Know★★ This report introduces the multi-channelization of automatic measurement. "Multi-channelization" refers to the process of enabling a measurement device that originally has only one channel to measure multiple points with a single trigger by continuously connecting switch circuits. Through multi-channelization, challenges such as "wanting to automatically measure a large number of samples at once" and "unable to perform automatic measurement due to the need to switch connections" can be resolved. For more details, please take a moment to read. 【Contents】 ■ Multi-channelization of automatic measurement ■ Principles of multi-channel automatic measurement ■ Points to note for multi-channel automatic measurement ■ Conclusion *For more information, please refer to the PDF document or feel free to contact us.

• Other measurement, recording and measuring instruments

Implemented using a measurement method called feedback method! Introducing the basic circuit for measuring microcurrents.

★★Shirutoku Report: Useful Information You Can Benefit From★★ This report introduces the examination of microcurrent measuring devices. Previously, I created a microcurrent measuring device for work. There are various methods for measuring microcurrents, but the method used this time is called the "feedback method." I will explain the basic circuit of this method. For more details, please be sure to read on. 【Contents】 ■ Target performance of microcurrent measuring devices ■ Basic principles of microcurrent measurement ■ Determining the measurement range ■ Selection of OP amps ■ Phase compensation capacitors ■ Conclusion *For more details, please refer to the PDF document or feel free to contact us.

• Other measurement, recording and measuring instruments

Essential thermal resistance of semiconductors for thermal analysis! Introducing typical thermal resistances and their formulas.

★★Shirutoku Report: Useful Information You Should Know★★ In recent years, while products have been miniaturizing, thermal issues have continued to worsen, and we have seen an increasing trend in inquiries from customers regarding thermal analysis. The content of these inquiries varies, but in this report, we will briefly explain the thermal resistance of semiconductors, which is essential for thermal analysis. For more details, please take a moment to read through it. [Contents] ■Typical thermal resistances and their formulas *For more information, please refer to the PDF document or feel free to contact us.*

• Other semiconductors
• Other analyses
• others

The thermal stress caused by temperature changes is greater than expected! It is important to consider expansion and contraction in the design.

★★Shirutoku Report: Useful Information You Can Benefit From★★ In daily life, we don't often think about it, but when the temperature of an object changes, thermal expansion and contraction occur. The magnitude of this expansion and contraction varies depending on the properties of each material (coefficient of linear expansion). In this report, we will discuss the thermal stress caused by this thermal expansion and contraction. For more details, please take a moment to read it. 【Contents】 ■ Simple thermal warping calculation tool for laminated boards *For more information, please refer to the PDF document or feel free to contact us.*

• Stress Analysis
• others

Create the rules in the R-Table and the predicted values of state-action pairs in the Q-Table! Introducing the Q-Learning algorithm.

★★Shirutoku Report: Useful Information You Can Benefit From★★ The most challenging aspect I encountered while developing programs was the implementation of algorithms. There are many interesting algorithms, and recently I had the opportunity to explore Q-Learning, which is a type of reinforcement learning related to machine learning. I created a program (Cheese Puzzle Simulator) to demonstrate it. Q-Learning is one of the algorithms in reinforcement learning and is utilized in various fields, from autonomous driving to fintech. In this report, I would like to briefly introduce the Q-Learning algorithm. For more details, please feel free to read on. [Contents] ■Challenges ■Explanations *For more information, please refer to the PDF document or feel free to contact us.*

• Software (middle, driver, security, etc.)
• Other embedded systems (software and hardware)
• others

Explaining the basics of sensor control! If you're considering automating measurements, please give it a try.

★★Shirutoku Report: Useful Information You Can Benefit From★★ When you want to "check characteristics while changing a certain parameter," "automatic measurement" is convenient. In this report, I would like to briefly explain how to perform "instrument control" necessary for automatic measurement. For more details, please be sure to read on. 【Contents】 ■ Automatic Measurement / Step 1: Connect the PC and the measuring instrument ■ Automatic Measurement / Step 2: Prepare the control library ■ Automatic Measurement / Step 3: Send commands to control the measuring instrument ■ Common Commands *For more details, please refer to the PDF document or feel free to contact us.

• Other measurement, recording and measuring instruments

A simple explanation using MOSFET as an example! Introducing power cycle testing to evaluate durability.

★★Shirutoku Report: Useful Information You Can Benefit From★★ Suddenly, do you all know about "reliability testing"? In brief, it is a collective term for various tests that evaluate the reliability (performance, durability, safety, failure rate, etc.) of a product. The main objectives are to confirm whether the performance meets the design specifications and to assess whether it meets market quality requirements. In this report, we will introduce one of the durability tests for power devices, known as the "power cycle test." For more details, please take a moment to read on. 【Contents】 ■ Short Power Cycle Test (Reference: JEITA-ED-4701/601 602) ■ Long Power Cycle Test (Reference: JEITA-ED-4701/603) *For more details, please refer to the PDF document or feel free to contact us.

• Other inspection equipment and devices
• Contract Inspection
• Other contract services

Could a substitute capacitor cause performance issues? Please contact us if you are having trouble with EOL.

★★Shirutoku Report: Useful Information You Can Benefit From★★ I mainly design matching circuits for high-frequency power amplifiers used in commercial radio equipment. In this report, I will share my experiences regarding the discontinuation of capacitors (EOL: End Of Life). For more details, please take a moment to read on. 【Contents】 ■ Recent EOL situation ■ Alternative capacitors may lead to performance issues!? *For more information, please refer to the PDF document or feel free to contact us.*

• Capacitor
• High frequency/microwave parts

A convenient data analysis tool that anyone can use, takes no time, and has no mistakes!

★★Shirutoku Report: Useful Information You Can Benefit From★★ How do you compile data collected from various measuring instruments into reports during evaluation analysis? Many of you might be manually and patiently rearranging data or creating graphs. When the volume becomes enormous, it can take a lot of time and be inefficient. If there are mistakes, you might have to start all over again. It would be great to have something that anyone can use, doesn’t take much time, and doesn’t lead to errors. That’s why we want to introduce our company’s 'Data Analysis Tool.' For more details, please take a moment to read on. [Contents] ■ Data Analysis Tool provided by Wave Technology *For more information, please refer to the PDF document or feel free to contact us.*

• Other analyses

It is relatively easy to build a system! Here are some examples of the adoption of microcurrent detection systems.

★★Shirutoku Report: Useful Information You Can Benefit From★★ The "Custom Measurement Service" is a service that provides the functions required in your research and development environment in the form of a tailor-made "custom measurement system." Are you thinking, "But a tailor-made system seems too high-end..."? At WTI, we can relatively easily build a system by collaborating with partner companies and combining it with existing equipment. In this report, we will introduce this service based on case studies. For more details, please be sure to read on. [Contents] ■Case Study: Partner Company A *For more information, please refer to the PDF document or feel free to contact us.*

• Other electronic measuring instruments
• Evaluation Board
• Other contract services

Introducing the analysis of rubber products! Please feel free to consult us if you are having trouble with structural design or analysis.

★★Shirutoku Report: Useful Information You Should Know★★ The Structural Design Department primarily focuses on "structural design of metal and plastic enclosures using CAD" and "front-loading development using thermal fluid simulation/structural simulation technologies." *There are various names for structural analysis, structural CAE, stress analysis, FEM analysis, etc. In this report, we will briefly introduce our efforts in structural simulation and then discuss the analysis of rubber products (which are useful in waterproof design, among other applications). For more details, please take a moment to read through it. [Contents] ■ Efforts in Structural Simulation ■ Analysis of Rubber Products (Useful in Waterproof Design, etc.) *For more information, please refer to the PDF document or feel free to contact us.

• Structural Analysis
• Stress Analysis

Customization suitable for the measurement environment is also available! Introducing the automatic measurement system with curve tracer.

★★Shirutoku Report: Useful Information You Should Know★★ What kind of measuring instruments do you use when evaluating the electrical characteristics of semiconductors like MOSFETs and bipolar transistors? While there are dedicated testers, curve tracers are also convenient for easy evaluation. However, when using a curve tracer, have you ever thought, "There are so many evaluation items, manual operation is a hassle..." or "There are so many evaluations, it would be great if I could operate it more easily..."? If these needs can be met, you will be freed from the enormous evaluation time. Therefore, we would like to introduce the 'Automatic Measurement System for Curve Tracers.' For more details, please take a look. [Contents] ■ Automatic Measurement System for Curve Tracers *For more information, please refer to the PDF document or feel free to contact us.

• Semiconductor inspection/test equipment
• Other electronic measuring instruments
• Other inspection equipment and devices

Achieving longer battery life and miniaturization! Introducing the development of IoT devices equipped with wireless modules.

★★Shirutoku Report: Useful Information You Can Benefit From★★ Creating IoT devices with wireless communication capabilities from scratch presents several technically challenging issues. As a means to more easily achieve wireless communication functionality, there is the option of mounting a wireless module on a circuit board. In this report, we will introduce wireless modules. For more details, please take a moment to read through it. 【Contents】 ■ What is a Wireless Module *For more information, please refer to the PDF document or feel free to contact us.*

• Other electronic parts
• Other services

If you are having trouble with heat, such as retrofitting heat measures or additional heat measures, please feel free to contact us!

★★Shirutoku Report: Useful Information You Can Benefit From★★ We mainly engage in the design of enclosures for outdoor installed products. Through this work, we often hear customers say, "It's hot, what should I do?" In this report, we will answer what to do in such cases. For more details, please take a moment to read. 【Contents】 ■The answer is "Just cool it down." *For more information, please refer to the PDF document or feel free to contact us.*

• Other electronic parts
• Other temperature and humidity measuring instruments

High efficiency and miniaturization are possible! Designing switching power supplies requires know-how.

★★Shirutoku Report: Useful Information You Should Know★★ The power supply circuits handled by the Power Supply Design Department come in various circuit configurations, but if broadly classified, most of them fall under the category of switching power supplies. In this report, we will discuss the characteristics of switching power supplies. For more details, please take a moment to read through it. 【Contents】 ■ Advantages ■ Disadvantages *For more information, please refer to the PDF document or feel free to contact us.*

• Other electronic parts
• Switching Power Supply

Please try to utilize interrupt functions to create embedded software that is "always flowing"!

★★Shirutoku Report: Useful Information You Should Know★★ The Software Design Department creates a lot of embedded software to control dedicated circuit boards. In this report, we will discuss the key points to consider when creating embedded software. The key point when creating embedded software is to ensure real-time performance: "create it to flow continuously." For more details, please take a moment to read through. [Contents] ■ Key Points When Creating Embedded Software *For more information, please refer to the PDF document or feel free to contact us.*

• Software (middle, driver, security, etc.)
• Other embedded systems (software and hardware)

Developing with a focus on reliability/quality! Here are some key points for creating embedded software.

★★Shirutoku Report: Useful Information You Can Benefit From★★ In this report, we will discuss the key points when creating embedded software (firmware), specifically about ensuring real-time performance: "Creating it to flow continuously." At WTI, we undertake numerous embedded software development projects for our clients, focusing on reliability and quality, including the principle of "flowing continuously." If you are facing challenges in software development, please contact WTI. [Contents] ■ Busy Signal ■ Sequential Operation ■ Post-Change Flow *For more details, please refer to the PDF document or feel free to contact us.*

• Software (middle, driver, security, etc.)
• Other embedded systems (software and hardware)

Whether it's a microcontroller or an FPGA, we will introduce the key points of system design!

★★Shirutoku Report: Useful Information You Can Benefit From★★ When developing a new product, many people have experienced the dilemma of whether to use a microcontroller or an FPGA for processing. Additionally, a common conversation is whether to process with software or hardware. In this report, we will discuss the key points of system design. For more details, please take a moment to read through it. [Contents] ■ Efficiency in System Design ■ Image of Processing Speed *For more information, please refer to the PDF document or feel free to contact us.*

• Software (middle, driver, security, etc.)
• Other embedded systems (software and hardware)

If you understand phase compensation, you won't be afraid of power supply oscillation! An explanation of power supply performance.

★★Shirutoku Report: Useful Information You Should Know★★ When evaluating power supplies, you may have experienced "oscillation at low temperatures!" In such cases, it is necessary to diagnose the power supply's frequency characteristics more quantitatively and implement countermeasures. This report explains the performance of power supplies using diagrams and graphs, without using mathematical formulas, to provide a conceptual image. We encourage you to read it. 【Contents】 ■ Negative Feedback Circuit ■ Bode Plot (Gain Plot, Phase Plot) *For more details, please refer to the PDF document or feel free to contact us.*

• power supply
• Other power sources
• Other contract services

Selection of ICs with Ioff functionality is necessary! Explanation of support for external interfaces and other related matters.

★★Shirutoku Report: Useful Information You Should Know★★ This report explains the important Ioff function during partial power down. "Partial" means "some" or "partial," and partial power down refers to a state where the power is turned off partially. During partial power down, it is necessary to be cautious during design, as there will be a mix of circuit blocks that are powered on and those that are powered off. [Contents] ■ Points to note during partial power down ■ Support for partial power down in external interfaces ■ Pull-up resistors *For more details, please refer to the PDF document or feel free to contact us.

• power supply
• Other power sources

Introducing circuit diagrams and features of insulated switching power supplies, such as forward and flyback methods!

★★Shirutoku Report: Useful Information You Should Know★★ This report introduces representative methods of isolated switching power supplies that use transformers among the circuit types of switching power supplies. It includes circuit diagrams and features of the Forward method, Flyback method, Push-Pull method, and Full Bridge method. Please take a moment to read it. [Contents] ■ Forward Method ■ Flyback Method ■ Push-Pull Method ■ Full Bridge Method *For more details, please refer to the PDF document or feel free to contact us.

• power supply
• Switching Power Supply
• Other contract services

Explanation on how to reduce output variation in circuits with characteristic variability!

★★Shirutoku Report: Useful Information You Should Know★★ Feedback refers to the process of "returning" or "reverting," and it is a control method that operates the output according to a target by returning the output to the input side for control. This report explains feedback control, which is closely related to power circuits, and open-loop control. Power circuits can experience significant changes in characteristics when various loads are connected externally or when the input voltage fluctuates greatly, making feedback control very important. [Contents] ■ Open-loop Control ■ Feedback Control *For more details, please refer to the PDF document or feel free to contact us.*

• power supply
• Switching Power Supply
• Other contract services

Introduction of the evaluation content for power converter assessments, such as certification testing of developed products and performance evaluations of products!

★★Shirutoku Report: Useful Information You Can Benefit From★★ A power conditioner (power con) is an inverter device that converts renewable energy, such as solar power, into commercial alternating current used in households. This report includes evaluations of certification tests for developed products, performance evaluations of products, and system tests of products, all related to power con assessments. Additionally, we introduce the "lightning surge test," which applies a voltage equivalent to lightning to confirm durability. We encourage you to read it. 【Contents】 ■ Certification test evaluations for developed products ■ Performance evaluations of products ■ System tests of products ■ Information on lightning surge tests *For more details, please refer to the PDF document or feel free to contact us.

• power supply
• inverter
• Other contract services

Correct knowledge of phase is essential for power supply design! Here’s an example to enhance circuit operation stability.

★★Shirutoku Report: Useful Information You Should Know★★ Phase compensation in power circuits is a technique that controls the phase shifts caused by the capacitors (C) and inductors (L) implemented on power boards, ensuring stable operation of the circuit. In this report, we will introduce examples of voltage and current phases and the transfer function of feedback circuits using diagrams. If the phase remains shifted, the control to lower the output voltage may inversely affect it, potentially causing the output voltage to rise indefinitely and lead to oscillation. We encourage you to read it. 【Contents (Excerpt)】 ■ Voltage and Current Phases ■ An Example of the Transfer Function of Feedback Circuits ■ Stability Confirmation Using Board Wires ■ Changes in Board Bode Plots with Phase Compensation Added *For more details, please refer to the PDF document or feel free to contact us.

• power supply
• Other power sources
• Other contract services

Avalanche surrender, UIS test circuits and waveforms, etc.! An explanation of the avalanche tolerance testing of power MOSFETs.

★★Shirutoku Report: Useful Information You Should Know★★ The avalanche rating measured in avalanche testing refers to the amount of energy that a power device can withstand before it begins to conduct current rapidly and ultimately fails when a voltage exceeding its breakdown voltage is applied. This report explains avalanche breakdown, UIS test circuits, and waveforms using diagrams. To verify whether there are any issues in the event that the device enters avalanche mode, it is necessary to investigate the avalanche rating of power MOSFETs when designing power electronics circuits. [Contents] ■ Image of avalanche breakdown ■ Test circuit and waveform for measuring avalanche rating *For more details, please refer to the PDF document or feel free to contact us.

• Other measurement, recording and measuring instruments
• Contract Inspection
• Other contract services

Explaining the transient thermal resistance of devices using diagrams! Calculations will be performed using a MOSFET with appropriate parameters as an example.

★★Shirutoku Report: Useful Information You Should Know★★ This report is a continuation of the avalanche rating test of MOSFETs discussed in Shirutoku Report No. 52. We will explain the relationship between the device's transient thermal resistance and the losses and time during avalanche operation using diagrams and graphs. When selecting a device, comparing devices measured under different conditions is not very meaningful. It is recommended to measure in an environment as close to actual operation as possible, rather than relying solely on data sheet values. 【Contents】 ■ Transient thermal resistance of the device ■ Relationship between losses and time during avalanche operation ■ Graph of Tj and time *For more details, please refer to the PDF document or feel free to contact us.

• Other measurement, recording and measuring instruments
• Contract Inspection
• Other contract services

The communication device accesses the power company's server to obtain information! Introducing the mechanism and evaluation of the output control function.

★★Shirutoku Report: Useful Information You Should Know★★ In recent years, the rapid increase in solar power generation has disrupted the balance between supply and demand, raising concerns that supply (generation) may exceed demand. This report covers the output control function. When electricity supply is expected to exceed demand, power companies need to reduce the generation of renewable energy. 【Contents】 ■ What is the output control function? ■ Mechanism of the output control function - Information is registered on servers owned by each power company - Communication devices access the power company's server to obtain information - Information is sent to the power converter for control ■ Evaluation of the output control function *For more details, please refer to the PDF document or feel free to contact us.*

• Other process controls
• Other energy equipment
• Other services

The power converter, which plays the role of bridging electricity, is the key to the system! Introducing the battery-compatible system.

★★Shirutoku Report: Useful Information You Should Know★★ This report introduces battery-compatible systems. Using solar power generation as an example, we explain the combinations of system operations over the course of a single day. By setting the operating modes for each product, we can explore various conditions under which the battery charges/discharges, whether it operates when buying from (or selling to) the grid, and other diverse operational patterns. 【Contents】 ■ Battery-Compatible Systems ・Nighttime ・Morning (Evening) ・Daytime *For more details, please refer to the PDF document or feel free to contact us.

• power supply
• Other power sources
• Other contract services

Why is it called "distribution constant," and what is being distributed? An introduction to distribution constant circuits.

★★Shirutoku Report: Useful Information You Can Benefit From★★ This report introduces distributed constant circuits. We will explain distributed constant circuits, where the distance and dimensions of wiring and components are finite and the signal transmission time is also finite, in contrast to concentrated constant circuits, which are the opposite concept where the distance of wiring is zero, using diagrams. Please take a moment to read it. 【Contents】 ■ Concentrated Constant Circuits ■ Distributed Constant Circuits *For more details, please refer to the PDF document or feel free to contact us.*

• Other electronic measuring instruments

For those who have grown tired of the same lighting patterns every year, we introduce illumination control using Arduino.

★★Shirutoku Report: Useful Information You Can Benefit From★★ This report introduces illumination control using Arduino. For those who want to "add or change their favorite lighting patterns," we present examples of DIY projects using microcontrollers and modules that have simple and convenient features. Please take a moment to read it. 【Contents】 ■ Equipment Used ■ Procedure *For more details, please refer to the PDF document or feel free to contact us.*

• LED Module
• Other process controls

I created a custom project using samples with the goal of illuminating the lights. Here is an introduction to the screen display and button operation.

★★Shirutoku Report: Useful Information You Can Benefit From★★ This report is a continuation of the discussion on controlling illumination with Arduino from Shirutoku Report No. 58, and this time we have incorporated screen display and button operation. We will explain the LCD display method and button operation method along with actual photos. Our company undertakes the development of various embedded devices and IoT devices using a variety of microcontrollers. If you have any inquiries, please feel free to contact us. [Contents] ■ LCD Display Method ■ Button Operation Method *For more details, please refer to the PDF document or feel free to contact us.

• LED Module
• Other process controls

We also support tests in accordance with various standards such as certification. Here, we introduce the main evaluation and testing items for switching power supplies and their implementation details.

★★Shirutoku Report: Useful Information You Should Know★★ This report introduces electrical evaluations related to switching power supplies. The evaluation of power supply circuits is characterized by the inclusion of many aspects that confirm safe operation (ensuring there are no hazards). There are also specific contents that may be unfamiliar to those not involved in power supply design or evaluation, so we would like to take this opportunity to explain. 【Contents】 ■Electrical characteristic evaluation ■Component rating confirmation ■Abnormal testing ■Temperature rise testing ■Immunity testing ■Reliability testing *For more details, please refer to the PDF document or feel free to contact us.

• Switching Power Supply

An insulated circuit that requires careful attention for noise countermeasures. Here is an example of a method to stabilize the ground.

★★Shirutoku Report: Useful Information You Should Know★★ In this report, we will introduce the requirements for insulation and noise countermeasures. In electrical circuits, insulation may be used for safety reasons, such as preventing electric shocks, or to avoid unexpected current destruction. Common items we handle include communication interfaces like LAN and insulated power supplies. It is common to use optocouplers or transformers for the transmission of signals and power across insulated sections. If you are having trouble with noise countermeasures, please feel free to contact us. 【Contents】 ■ Insulation and Noise Countermeasures *For more details, please refer to the PDF document or feel free to contact us.*

• transformer
• power supply
• LAN/Optical cable

Our company is capable of simulating the 3D conversion of CAD drawings and structural diagrams, extracting the contributing elements.

★★Shirutoku Report: Useful Information You Should Know★★ This report introduces the ideals and realities of circuit diagrams. Circuit diagrams feature electronic components such as capacitors, inductors, transistors, diodes, and resistors, each treated as ideal elements. However, in real circuits, there are not only these elements but also parasitic components such as capacitive, inductive, and resistive elements, which can cause various adverse effects and hinder the intended operation of the designer. Our company has many engineers who are well-versed in parasitic components and can perform circuit design accordingly, so if you are interested, please feel free to contact us. [Contents] ■ Parasitic Capacitance ■ Parasitic Inductance ■ Parasitic Resistance *For more details, please refer to the PDF document or feel free to contact us.

• Other semiconductors
• connector

Even parasitic impedance not shown in the circuit diagram can be detected by a professional!

★★Shirutoku Report: Useful Information You Can Benefit From★★ In this report, we will introduce an important invisible element, "impedance," in addition to parasitic components that are not visible on circuit diagrams. Impedance refers to AC resistance and is often specified as 50Ω for single-ended and 100Ω for differential. In high-frequency circuit design, impedance becomes a critical issue. Even parasitic impedance that is not shown in the circuit diagram can be discerned by professionals. If you are interested, please feel free to contact us. 【Contents】 ■ An example of a circuit diagram created with LT-spice *For more details, please refer to the PDF document or feel free to contact us.

• Other semiconductors
• connector

How should switching evaluation be conducted? Explanation using diagrams and photos.

★★Shirutoku Report: Useful Information You Should Know★★ This report introduces the switching evaluation of power semiconductors such as power devices and power modules. The ideal switching operation is a state where there is no delay time in current and voltage when switching ON/OFF, meaning there is no occurrence of power loss. However, during the switching operation of power devices, some delay time inevitably occurs. Our company has engineers with expertise in switching evaluation, so if you require evaluation of various power devices, please feel free to consult us. 【Contents】 ■ IGBT Module Measurement Circuit Examples ■ IGBT Module Measurement Environment Examples *For more details, please refer to the PDF document or feel free to contact us.

• Capacitor
• Other semiconductors

I will talk about a method to quantitatively verify the magnitude of circuit inductance.

★★Shirutoku Report: Useful Information You Should Know★★ In this report, we will introduce a method to quantitatively confirm the magnitude of circuit inductance. When improving the measurement environment for switching evaluation of power semiconductors, it is sometimes necessary to reconsider the wiring. However, without a quantitative understanding of the magnitude of the circuit inductance in the measurement system, improvements can be difficult. By using the measured circuit inductance values during simulations, results closer to the actual measured waveforms can be obtained. 【Contents】 ■ Methods for Improving Circuit Inductance ■ IGBT Module Measurement Circuit Example ■ How to Confirm Circuit Inductance *For more details, please refer to the PDF document or feel free to contact us.*

• Capacitor
• Other semiconductors

In the manufacturing field, production equipment using the once-popular PC98 from over 20 years ago is still in active use!

★★Shirutoku Report: Useful Information You Can Benefit From★★ This report introduces measures for dealing with equipment failures related to PC98. A customer consulted us about a printer connected to their PC98, which is used to control testing equipment, that has broken down and is unable to print data. They were seeking a solution. Our company also responds to issues related to aging tools, devices, and equipment surrounding production facilities, as well as measures for failure prevention and extension of lifespan, so please feel free to consult us if you have any problems. 【Contents】 ■ Customer Consultation ■ Specific Measures ■ Construction of the Measures System *For more details, please refer to the PDF document or feel free to contact us.

• Industrial PCs
• Desktop PC

The breakers lined up in the distribution board are of different types according to their purposes!

★★Shirutoku Report: Useful Information You Should Know★★ The Power Supply Design Department designs various types of switching power supplies, such as AC-DC converters and DC-AC inverters, and conducts various evaluations and tests specific to power supplies. Among these tests, there are rigorous assessments known as "abnormal tests," which evaluate safety in the event of component failures. One of the important devices that protects evaluation equipment during such harsh tests is the "circuit breaker." Many may be more familiar with the term "breaker." In this report, we will introduce this breaker. [Contents] ■ Ampere Breaker: Maintains the current value contracted with the power company ■ Leakage Breaker: Protects commercial systems held by households and power companies from accidents ■ Safety Breaker: Maintains the current value for each circuit (each room) *For more details, please refer to the PDF document or feel free to contact us.

• Circuit breakers and switches

The issue of noise in ADCs and its countermeasures! The important point is to handle it skillfully!

★★Shirutoku Report: Useful Information You Should Know★★ In this report, we will introduce the A/D converter related components mounted on the microcontroller of the control board, which is central to power control. The importance of noise countermeasures for the ADC used in circuits is extremely high, as deviations in conversion values due to noise can adversely affect subsequent control. We will discuss the noise issues related to ADCs and their countermeasures, so please take a moment to read it. 【Contents】 ■ (1) About ADCs mounted on microcontrollers ■ (2) The issue of input noise in ADCs ■ (3) Specific examples of noise countermeasures for ADCs *For more details, please refer to the PDF document or feel free to contact us.

• converter
• Control Panel

Achieving a flat temperature characteristic by combining negative and positive temperature characteristics!

★★Shirutoku Report: Useful Information You Can Benefit From★★ You may casually use linear regulators and DC-DC converters, but when you turn on the power, they provide the desired output voltage as if it were a given. Have you ever wondered, "Why is that voltage output so stable?" In this report, we will introduce the reference voltage sources found in power ICs such as linear regulators and DC-DC converters. Please take a moment to read it. [Contents] ■ Discussion on Reference Voltage Sources ■ An Example of a Bandgap Reference Circuit ■ Detailed Explanation *For more details, please refer to the PDF document or feel free to contact us.*

• converter
• Other power sources

We would like to introduce the '96 WJacket Tubes 1.0ml Type' handled by FCR and Bio Co., Ltd. This product is an autoclavable tube with a 2D code that is compatible with DMSO and liquid nitrogen vapor. The type with Rack ID allows you to use a reader that can read both the Tube ID and Rack ID simultaneously by simply scanning the 2D code for Rack ID on the bottom of the Rack. 【Features】 ■ Polypropylene ■ Autoclavable ■ DMSO compatible ■ Compatible with liquid nitrogen vapor ■ Capacity: 1.0ml *For more details, please download the PDF or feel free to contact us.

The "Mechanical Stitching Method" by Nichinichisui Road Machinery Co., Ltd. is a new technique that allows for the repair of metal cracks without the application of heat. By using special bolts and reinforcement plates, cracks are physically removed, and repairs are made without causing any thermal impact on the base material. Repairs can be carried out in environments where open flames cannot be used. Since no heat is applied, the disassembly of equipment is minimized. ◎ For more details, please contact us. ◎ If a detailed technical explanation is needed, please contact us.

● To determine the sealing and waterproofing of sealed products based on pressure changes, it is not necessary to conduct tests that involve spraying water on the product or immersing it in water. ● Once the product is placed in a dedicated fixture within the inspection device, waterproofing can be quantitatively confirmed through automatic measurement. ● The target product size is W 300 × D 210 × H 100 mm or smaller. ● The target products include automotive cameras, smartphones, ECUs, small motors, and other packaging containers, and are effective for any products that require confirmation of sealing, waterproofing, and airtightness. ● For product specifications and details, please contact us.

In battery manufacturing lines, if components containing copper are used, there is a possibility that metal powder may mix in, dissolve, ionize, and pass through the separator, causing a malfunction that connects the positive and negative electrodes. Such minute metal powders may not be detected during pre-shipment inspections, and even if they are found, they can lead to various issues, such as the need to increase inspection processes to detect them. Therefore, Fukuda has developed a copper-free (all stainless steel) air leak tester that can be safely used in the production lines of battery manufacturers and secondary battery manufacturing equipment manufacturers. For product specifications and details, please refer to the "Related Product Information" and "Related Catalogs" below.

This is an air leak tester for battery cases of electric vehicles (EVs). The battery case has the characteristic of being "large with a significant internal volume, and its structure may deform due to internal pressure." As a result, air leak testing generates "noise caused by its large size and capacity" and "noise caused by expansion or deformation due to internal pressurization." To mitigate this noise, this device features a newly developed smoothing function and a linear fitting correction function used in combination during measurement. Additionally, to achieve low-pressure control that is difficult to manage and to expand flow for large volumes, we provide a bypass box (CBU-600) equipped with an electro-pneumatic regulator for precise pressure control and a pressurization valve with a large effective diameter to supply high flow rates. Measurement methods: Work-Work comparison, Work-Master comparison, Fixed Master comparison Measurement pressure range: 10 kPa, 20 kPa, 50 kPa (depending on specifications) Gauge pressure sensor accuracy: ±2% F.S. Differential pressure sensor accuracy: ±0.5% F.S. Group settings: 0 to 31 groups Power supply voltage / Power consumption: AC100 to 240 V / 100 VA