V-net AAEON Product Lineup

Features ● Equipped with 11th generation Intel(R) Core(TM) i7/i5/i3/Celeron processors ● Onboard LPDDR4x memory ● 2.5GbE Intel i225 + 1GbE Intel i219 ● HDMI2.0b x 1, 4Kx2K + eDP (maximum HBR3 8K) ● M.2 2280 M key (PCIE by4 GEN4/SATA) x 1 ● SATA 6.0 Gb/s x 1 ● Full-size mPCIe/mSATA x 1 ● USB 3.2 Gen 2×2, USB 3.2 Gen 1×2, USB 2.0×4 ● RS-232/422/485 x 2 ● Line-in/Line-out/MIC ● DIO 8 bit

• Industrial PCs

Features ● Supports Intel Atom(R) x6000E series, Intel(R) Pentium(R), Celeron(R) N series and J series processor SoC ● HDMI2.0b x 2 + LVDS/eDP1.3 x 1 ● GbE x 2 ● Rear IO with USB 3.2 GEN2×2, USB 2.0×2 via pin header, a total of 4 ports supported ● LPDDR4x onboard memory ● eMMC×1, SATA×1 ● COM×2, Full/CANBUS×1/Mini PCIe×1/M.2 E-Key 2230×1

• Industrial PCs

Features ● Compatible with Intel Coffee Lake-S LGA1151 desktop processors (compatible CPUs sold separately: Intel(R) Xeon(R) E-2124G/ i9-9900T/ i7-9700TE/ i7-8700T/ i5-8500T/ i3-8100T/ Pentium(R) G5400T/ Celeron(R) G4900T) ● DDR4-2666 SO-DIMM x 2 slots (up to 64GB) (sold separately) ● HDMI x 2 ports ● USB 3.2 Gen 1 x 8 ports ● PCIe [x4] & PCI [x1] expansion slots

• Industrial PCs

Features ● Equipped with 11th generation Intel® Core i processor ● DDR4 SODIMM x2 slots (up to 64GB) ● USB 3.2 x4 ports, USB 2.0 x4 ports ● Intel® LAN 225V chip x1, 219V chip x1 ● HDMI 2.0 x2, DP 1.4 x2 ● LVDS x1, eDP x1 ● PCI-Express [x4] x1 expansion slot ● DC 12V input compatible

• Industrial PCs

Features ● Socket supporting 8th/9th generation Intel(R) Core(TM) i7/i5/i3/Celeron (up to 65W) ● DDR4 SODIMM x2 slots (up to 32GB) ● LVDS x2, VGA x1, DVI x2 ● PCIe [x16] x1 expansion slot ● GbE x2, HAD x1 (Line-in, line-out, speaker out) ● Half-size mPCIe x1 (with Nano-SIM slot), M.2 B key 2280 x1 slot, M.2 M key 2280 x1 slot ● SATA 6.0 Gb/s x3, SATA 6.0 Gb/s x4, USB 2.0 x4, Touch x1 (4/5/8 wires) ● TPM 2.0 x1, RS232 x8, RS232/422/485 x2 ● CPU/System FAN connectors x2, 16-bit DIO ● Compatible with ATX power input

• Industrial PCs

Features ● Equipped with Intel(R) Core(TM) i7/i5/i3/Celeron processors ● DDR4 SODIMM x2 slots (up to 64GB/ECC not supported) ● LVDS x1, DP 1.4a x2, HDMI 2.0b x1 ● Gigabit LAN x2, SATA III x1, 8-bit DIO ● USB 3.2 Gen 2 x4 (rear I/O), USB 2.0 x2 (pin header), USB Type C x1 ● RS-232/422/485 x4 ● Full-size mSATA/mPCIe x1 (NANO-SIM) (default is mSATA/changeable in BIOS) ● M.2 2280 M key x1, M.2 2230 E key x1 ● 9-36V DC input compatible

• Industrial PCs

● Equipped with Intel(R) Xeon(R) E-2278GE / Core i7-8700 *Changeable as an option ● Equipped with HDMI x2, DP x1, VGA x1 (supports 3 screens) ● Equipped with PCIex16/PCIex4/PCIex1 expansion slots ● Equipped with an 850W power supply, capable of supporting high-performance GPU cards *Changeable as an option ● Equipped with 32G memory *Changeable as an option ● OS-less model (compatible with Win10) *Can be added as an option

• Industrial PCs
• Embedded Board Computers
• controller

● Equipped with 8th generation Intel(R) Core(TM) U series processor (Whiskey Lake) ● Temperature range from -40℃ to 75℃ ● Cable-less design ● DDR4 2400MHz ×2 slots (supports up to 64GB) ● 4K video output supported with 2 DP ports ● USB 3.1×4, capable of data transfer up to 10Gbps ● GigE LAN×4, with 2 ports supporting IEEE 802.3at PoE+ ● SIM socket for 5G/WiFi/4G/3G/LTE/GPRS/UMTS ● RS-232/422/485×4, with isolated 16-bit DIO ● DC input range from 9V to 50V ● Ignition control capable, supports TPM 2.0 ● Rich expansion slots (M.2 Key B, M, E/Mini PCIe)

• Industrial PCs
• Embedded Board Computers
• controller

● Supports 10th generation Intel® Xeon® / Core™ i9/i7/i5/i3 ● Intel W480E chipset ● Supports processors with a maximum TDP of 95W ● Can supply power to graphics cards up to 250W ● 80V surge protection, compatible with a wide power input range of 12-50V ● Ignition control and TPM 2.0 can be built through software ● Equipped with one PCIe x16 slot ● Equipped with 16-bit GPIO

• Industrial PCs
• Embedded Board Computers
• controller

● Supports 10th generation Intel® Xeon®/Core™ i9/i7/i5/i3 ● Intel W480E chipset ● Supports processors with a maximum TDP of 95W ● Can supply power to graphics cards up to 250W ● 80V surge protection, compatible with a wide range of power input from 12-50V ● Ignition control and TPM 2.0 can be built with software ● Equipped with one PCIe x16 slot ● Includes isolated 32-bit DIO ● Equipped with 6 GigE LAN ports (4 of which support IEEE 802.3at (25.5W/48V) PoE)

• Industrial PCs
• Embedded Board Computers
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● Supports 10th generation Intel® Xeon® / Core™ i9/i7/i5/i3 ● Intel W480E chipset ● Supports processors with a maximum TDP of 95W ● Can supply power to graphics cards up to 250W ● 80V surge protection, compatible with a wide power input range of 12-50V ● Ignition control and TPM 2.0 can be built via software ● Equipped with PCIe x16×1 and PCIe x4×1 slots ● Equipped with 16-bit GPIO

• Industrial PCs
• Embedded Board Computers
• controller

● Supports 10th generation Intel® Xeon® / Core™ i9/i7/i5/i3 ● Intel W480E chipset ● Supports processors with a maximum TDP of 95W ● Can supply power to graphics cards up to 250W ● 80V surge protection, compatible with a wide range of power input from 12-50V ● Ignition control and TPM 2.0 can be built with software ● Equipped with PCIe x16×1 and PCIe x4×1 slots ● Includes isolated 32-bit DIO ● Equipped with 6 GigE LAN ports (4 of which support IEEE 802.3at (25.5W/48V) PoE)

• Industrial PCs
• Embedded Board Computers
• controller

● Equipped with Intel(R) Atom(R) Processor C3000 series ● 10/100/1000Base-TX Ethernet x 6 ports ● 1 pair bypass support (LAN 3 ~ 4) ● Supports up to 2 ports of 10G SFP+ (C3558 model) ● DDR4 SODIMM x 2 slots ● SATA III x 2 ports ● Onboard 16GB eMMC ● Half-size mini card x 1 slot (PCIe), full-size mini card x 1 slot (PCIe+USB2.0) ● M.2 B key 3052 x 1 slot (USB3.0) ● USB3.0 Type A x 2 (of which 1 port supports USB2.0 signals only)

• Other network tools
• Industrial PCs
• server

● Equipped with Google Edge TPU ML accelerator ● AutoML Vision Edge is available, making AI learning and development easy ● Equipped with NXP i.MX 8M SoC ● GbE PoE/PD x 1 ● USB3.2 Gen 1 x 2 & USB2.0 x 2 ● Mic-in & Line-out

• Industrial PCs

● Equipped with Intel(R) Pentium(R) N4200 / Celeron(R) N3350 / Atom E3950(TM) ● Onboard LPDDR4 memory ● Onboard eMMC storage ● Gigabit LAN x 2, USB 2.0 x 2, USB 3.2 Gen 1 (Type A) x 3 ● 12 VDC input (5A) ● 40-pin GPIO x 1 ● DP/eDP/HDMI x 1 ● M.2 2230 E-key x 1 ● M.2 2280 M-key x 1 ● SATA3 x 1 ● M.2 3042/3052 B-key x 1

• Industrial PCs
• Embedded Board Computers
• controller

Features: ● Equipped with NVIDIA Jetson Xavier NX ● Pre-installed with JetPack 4.6.0 ● Fanless design ● GbE PoE PSE IEEE802.3at LAN x 2 ● Supports HDMI input ● Expandable with LTE and WIFI functionality

• Industrial PCs

Features ● 23.8-inch 250nits LED backlight type TFT LCD ● 10-point capacitive touch ● Anti-reflective protective glass ● Flat structure for easy maintenance ● Front complies with IP65 ● 12-24V DC power input compatible with EOS and OVP

• Touch Panel
• Industrial PCs
• Display

Features ● Supports 10th generation Core i9/i7/i5/i3/Pentium processors with LGA1200 socket ● Supports up to 10 cores with 80W TDP ● DDR4 2933/2666/2400MHz DIMM x 4 slots (maximum 128GB) (memory sold separately) ● Equipped with HDMI x 3 (2.0 x 1, 1.4 x 2), VGA x 1, LVDS x 1 (pin header) supporting independent triple display ● Intel® Gigabit Ethernet x 2 (LAN1 supports iAMT 12.0) ● USB 3.2 Gen1 x 7 (rear x 4 / internal x 3), USB 3.2 Gen2 x 2, USB 2.0 x 2

• Industrial PCs

Features ● Equipped with Intel(R) Core(TM) i7 / i5 / i3 / Celeron 4305UE processor ● DDR4 SODIMM x 2 slots (non-ECC) ● VGA x 1, HDMI 2.0 x 1, Gigabit LAN x 2, USB 3.2 Gen 2 x 4, RS232/422/485 x 2 ● Full-size mSATA/mPCIe x 1 (shared) (Nano-SIM), M.2 B key (2280) x 1, M.2 E key 2230 x 1 ● Supports 9-36V DC input

• Industrial PCs

AAEON has started selling the embedded AI edge device 'BOXER-8240AI' equipped with Nvidia AGX Xavier. It features 32GB of onboard memory and 32GB of eMMC, and supports a rich array of I/O options including 4 PoE ports, 3 USB 3.2 Gen1 ports, 1 USB 2.0 port, 1 USB 2.0 OTG port, 1 HDMI port, 1 DP port, 1 RS-232/422/485 port, and 1 CAN port. Additionally, models for Japan include versions with an AC adapter and models equipped with a Wi-Fi module. 【Features】 ■ Equipped with NVIDIA Jetson AGX Xavier ■ Runs on ACLinux 4.9 OS compatible with Ubuntu 18.04 ■ JetPack 4.4 pre-installed ■ Fanless design ■ 4 GbE PoE PSE IEEE802.3af LAN ports ■ Expandable WIFI/Bluetooth (M.2 E-KEY 2230)

• Industrial PCs
• Embedded Board Computers
• controller

The "BOXER-8240AI" is a high-performance fanless solution for embedded applications. It is equipped with the Nvidia Jetson AGX Xavier, enabling high-performance AI inference, and we also offer a Wi-Fi model. Additionally, we have a few units in stock in Japan, allowing for quick shipping. 【Features】 ● Equipped with NVIDIA Jetson AGX Xavier ● Runs Ubuntu 18.04 ● JetPack 4.6.2 pre-installed ● Fanless design ● GbE PoE PSE IEEE802.3af LAN x 4 ● Expandable Wi-Fi/Bluetooth (M.2 E-KEY 2230) ● 40-pin IO (GPIO/I2S/I2C/Audio/SPI/UART) * There are numerous adoption cases in the AI field, including "AGV" and "image inspection devices." * For more details, please download the PDF or contact us.

• Industrial PCs

Features ● Equipped with Intel(R) Apollo Lake Celeron J3455 ● SODIMM DDR3L 1866MHz × 1 slot (supports up to 8GB) ● VGA × 1, HDMI × 2 ● USB 3.0 × 4, RS-232/422/485 × 1, Gigabit LAN × 2, Audio × 1 ● 12VDC power input

• Industrial PCs
• Embedded Board Computers
• controller

Features: ● 1024 x 768 resolution, 15-inch display ● Model with capacitive touch panel available ● Compact, simple design ● VGA x 1, HDMI x 1 compatible

• Industrial PCs
• Embedded Board Computers
• controller

Features: ● 1920 x 1080 resolution, 15.6-inch display ● Equipped with a capacitive touch panel ● Includes 1 VGA and 1 HDMI port ● Flat type monitor

• Industrial PCs
• Embedded Board Computers
• controller

Features: ● 21.5-inch LED backlight LCD panel ● Simple and compact design ● Equipped with DVI×1, HDMI×1, DP×1 ● PCT touch model also available ● Flat type monitor ● Low power consumption ● DICOM equipped model also available ● Built-in audio×2

• Industrial PCs
• Embedded Board Computers
• controller

Features: ● 23.8-inch LED backlight LCD panel ● Simple and compact design ● Equipped with DVI×1, HDMI×1, DP×1 ● PCT touch model also available ● Flat type monitor ● Low power consumption ● DICOM equipped model also available ● Built-in audio×2

• Industrial PCs
• Embedded Board Computers
• controller

Features: ● 27-inch LED backlight LCD panel ● Simple and compact design ● Equipped with DVI×1, HDMI×1, DP×1 ● Wide viewing angle (178˚(H)/178˚(V)) ● PCT touch model also available ● Flat type monitor ● Low power consumption ● DICOM equipped model also available

• Industrial PCs
• Embedded Board Computers
• controller

The PICO-ITX standard industrial CPU board has the following features: ● Equipped with Rockchip RK3288 ● Onboard DDR3L 2GB ● Onboard eMMC 16GB ● HDMI (1.4) x 1 ● Gigabit LAN (RJ45) x 1, USB 2.0 x 3 (Micro USB OTG x 1, Type A x 2) ● 8-bit GPIO ● DC 12V input ● Supported OS: Android 9.0 / Debian

• Industrial PCs
• Embedded Board Computers
• controller

Features ● PoE input and data output ports support 10/100/1000Base-T(X) ● Compliant with IEEE802.3at ● Overvoltage input protection and overcurrent output protection included ● Supports a maximum power output of 60W/24VDC ● PoE mode management can be set via DIP switch ● Housing complies with IP-30 ● Compatible with DIN rail and wall mount installation

• Routers, Switches, and Hubs

Features ● Equipped with 1 port of 10 / 100 / 1000Base-T(X) PoE++ injector ● Compliant with IEEE802.3at/802.3af ● Overvoltage input protection and overcurrent output protection included ● Supports up to 60W power output on all ports (when input is DC24~57V) ● Supports DC9~57V input ● PoE mode selection available via DIP switch ● Housing compliant with IP-30 ● Compatible with DIN rail and wall mount installation

• Routers, Switches, and Hubs

● 8th/9th Generation Intel(R) Core(TM) LGA1151 Processor ● Supports DDR4 DRAM (up to 64GB) ● M.2 Slot (M Key) x1, M.2 Slot (E Key) x1 ● Equipped with USB 3.2 (Gen1) x4, USB 2.0 Ports x5 ● Gigabit Ethernet x2 ● SATA 6.0 Gb/s x2 ● PCI-Express [x16] (Gen3) x1 supported ● DC12V Input

• Industrial PCs
• Embedded Board Computers
• controller

The industrial fanless edge PC has the following features: ● It has high computing power. ● Intel(R) Coffee Lake-S LGA 1151 desktop processor ● Dual display with HDMI x 2 ● Supports C246 PCH ● PCIE[x16]×1 + PCIE[x4]×1 (A1/A2 models), PCIE[x8] (within x16 slot)×2 + PCIE[x4]×1 (A3 model) ● Single power input (for both the system and one graphics card) ● Fanless system (A1/A3 models) or fan system with PWM functionality (A2 model)

• Industrial PCs
• Embedded Board Computers
• controller

We offer the industrial Mini ITX motherboard 'MIX-Q370A1-4L' compatible with Intel® 8th/9th generation CPUs, featuring 4 Gigabit LAN ports. This motherboard is suitable for applications that require two or more LAN ports. 【Features】 ■ Compatible with Intel® 8th/9th generation LGA1151 socket (maximum 65W TDP) ■ Equipped with Intel LAN controller chip ■ Supports ATX power supply, USB 3.2 Gen 2 Port x 4, USB 2.0 Port x 4, PCI-Express [x16] (Gen3) x 1 slot

• Industrial PCs
• Embedded Board Computers
• controller

We offer a fanless ultra-compact edge PC equipped with NVIDIA(R) Jetson Xavier(TM) NX. It is suitable for various embedded applications requiring AI inference calculations, such as robotics, image processing, and social infrastructure. Despite its compact size of 88 x 75 x 39mm, it boasts a capability of up to 21 TOPS (21 trillion operations per second, with a power consumption of 15W), comparable to server-level computing power. As it comes with a casing, installation is easy, making it suitable for use as both a development kit and a mass-produced machine. Additionally, it is pre-installed with Linux AAEON ACLinux 4.9 (Ubuntu 18.04) and Jetpack, allowing for immediate use after purchase. 【Features】 ■ Up to 6 ARM cores available ■ Onboard 8G memory + 16G Micro SD included ■ Equipped with 4 USB 3.0 ports, 1 LAN port, 2 RS232 ports, and 1 HDMI port ■ Pre-installed with Linux AAEON ACLinux 4.9 (Ubuntu 18.04) and Jetpack

• Industrial PCs

This industrial ATX motherboard features the following: ● 8th/9th generation Intel(R) Core(TM) LGA1151 processors ● Supports up to 6 cores with a TDP of 95W ● Supports DDR4 2666/2400/2133 MHz, up to 64GB (sold separately) ● HDMI x 1, VGA x 1, DP x 1 ● Dual Intel(R) Gigabit Ethernet, i211AT x 1, i219V x 1 ● USB 3.2 Gen1 ports x 2, USB 2.0 ports x 4 (rear I/O) ● Supports M.2 2280/2242 M key (PCIex1 / SATA3) x 1

• Industrial PCs
• Embedded Board Computers
• controller

● 8th / 9th Generation Intel(R) Core(TM) LGA1151 Processor ● Supports DDR4 DRAM (up to 32GB) ● M.2 Slot (M Key) x1, M.2 Slot (E Key) x1 ● Equipped with USB 3.2 Gen 1 x4, USB 2.0 x2 ● Gigabit Ethernet x2 ● SATA 6.0 Gb/s x2 ● PCIe [x16] (Gen3) x1 supported ● Compatible with ATX power supply

• Industrial PCs
• Embedded Board Computers
• controller

The AI edge PC has the following features: ● Equipped with NVIDIA Jetson Xavier NX ● Pre-installed with JetPack 4.6.0 ● Fanless design ● Extremely compact chassis ● Expandable WIFI/Bluetooth (M.2 E-KEY 2230)

• Industrial PCs

The network appliance has the following features: ● Equipped with Intel(R) Celeron (R) N3350 ● Onboard eMMC 16GB ● Onboard LPDDR4 2GB memory ● Equipped with Intel(R) i211 LAN controller ● Full-size mini card x1

• Industrial PCs
• Embedded Board Computers
• controller

This is a Mini ITX specification industrial motherboard with the following features: ● Supports 8th/9th generation Intel(R) Core(TM) i series processors (LGA1151 socket) ● Dual channel DDR4 2133/2400/2666MHz with 2 slots (up to 64GB) supported (memory sold separately) ● VGA×1, HDMI×2, eDP×1 ● PCIe [×16]×1, M.2 Ekey×1, SATA3.0×2 ● USB3.2 Gen2×6, USB2.0×6 ● Gigabit LAN×2 ● 12V DC input

• Industrial PCs
• Embedded Board Computers
• controller

This is a 3.5-inch standard single board computer with the following features: ● Equipped with Intel(R) 8th generation Core(TM) i7/i5/i3 processors ● DDR4 2400MHz SODIMM x2 slots (up to 64GB) (sold separately) ● LVDS x1, VGA x1, HDMI x1 ● Gigabit LAN x2, SATA 3.0 x1, 8-bit DIO x1 ● USB 3.2 Gen2 x4, USB 2.0 x2, RS-232/422/485 x2 ● mSATA (full size) x1 ● M.2 2280 x1 (B key), M.2 2230 x1 (E key) ● DC input 9-36V

• Industrial PCs
• Embedded Board Computers
• controller

The PICO-ITX standard CPU board has the following features: ● Equipped with 8th generation Intel(R) Core(TM) i7/i5/i3/Celeron processor SoC ● DDR4 SODIMM slot x1, up to 16GB (sold separately) ● HDMI x2 ports ● Gigabit LAN x2, USB 3.2 x2 ● USB 2.0 x2, RS-232/422/485 x2, 4-bit DIO x1 (pin header) ● SATA 6.0Gb/s x1, mSATA slot x1 (storage sold separately) ● M.2 2230 (E Key) x1 ● DC 12V

• Industrial PCs
• Embedded Board Computers
• controller

The industrial fanless PC has the following features: ● Supports desktop socket type CPU and achieves fanless operation (CPU sold separately) ● Compatible with DDR4 ECC or non-ECC SO-DIMM, up to 64GB (sold separately) ● 4 Gigabit LAN ports (LAN includes 3 i211AT and 1 i219LM for LAN2) ● Equipped with 2 HDMI ports ● Equipped with 8 USB3.2 (Gen1) ports (C246 model) / 4 USB3.2 (Gen1) ports and 4 USB2.0 ports (H310 model) ● Equipped with 6 RS-232/422/485 ports ● DC input of 10 to 35V

• Industrial PCs
• Embedded Board Computers
• controller

The industrial ATX motherboard has the following features: ● Supports 8th/9th generation Intel(R) Core i(TM)/Pentium/Celeron/Xeon E-2200/2100 LGA1151 processors ● Supports DDR4 2666/2400/2133MHz DRAM, up to 64GB (sold separately) ● Independent triple display: HDMI x1, VGA x1, DP x1 ● Gigabit LAN x2 ports (LAN1 supports i211AT x1, LAN2 supports i219LM x1) ● Supports USB3.2 (Gen2) x4 ports, USB3.2 (Gen1) x2 ports, USB2.0 x4 ports ● Equipped with M.2 slot (M key) x1, M.2 slot (E key) x1

• Industrial PCs
• Embedded Board Computers
• controller

The Ethernet switch has the following features: ● Ethernet switch compliant with railway standard EN50155 ● Ideal for railway vehicle applications ● Equipped with 8 PSE ports compliant with IEEE802.3af (up to 30W/port) ● Achieves recovery time of less than 10ms even with connections of over 250 units using O-Ring ● Can connect to other companies' ring technologies using O-Chain ● Supports MRP (Media Redundancy Protocol) function compliant with IEC 62439-2 standard ● Compatible with STP/RSTP/MSTP ● Supports PTP client ● Compatible with Modbus TCP protocol ● Secure network management available with v1/v2c/v3 ● RMON support for traffic monitoring ● Compatible with VLAN and LLDP protocols ● Supports IP assignment to each device via DHCP for each port ● Equipped with relay bypass function on two gigabit ports ● Event notifications via Syslog, email, SNMP trap, and relay output ● Configuration possible via web-based interface, Telnet, and console (CLI) (Open-Vision) ● Equipped with M12 connectors ● Can be mounted on a wall

• Routers, Switches, and Hubs

The Ethernet switch has the following features: ● Ethernet switch compliant with railway standard EN50155 ● Ideal for railway vehicle applications ● Equipped with 16 PSE ports compliant with IEEE802.3af (up to 30W/port) ● Achieves a recovery time of less than 10ms even for connections with over 250 units using O-Ring ● Can connect to other companies' ring technologies using O-Chain ● Supports MRP (Media Redundancy Protocol) function compliant with IEC 62439-2 standard ● Compatible with STP/RSTP/MSTP ● Supports PTP client ● Compatible with Modbus TCP protocol ● Enables secure network management with v1/v2c/v3 ● RMON support for traffic monitoring ● Supports VLAN and LLDP protocols ● DHCP support for IP assignment to each device via each port ● Equipped with relay bypass function on two gigabit ports ● Event notifications via Syslog, email, SNMP trap, and relay output ● Configuration possible via web-based interface, Telnet, and console (CLI) (Open-Vision) ● Equipped with M12 connectors ● Wall mountable

• Routers, Switches, and Hubs