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Manufacturing costs vary depending on processing methods, machinery used, setup time, processing time, and other factors. In this document, we will examine how integrating parts affects manufacturing costs, using specific figures, with the metal processing industry as an example. We will also introduce a practical example of part integration through hot forging. *It may be easier to understand if you read "How to Determine Quotation Prices - Series 1: Basic Concepts of Labor Rates" first. *Please note that the figures used in this document are merely examples and may not accurately reflect the realities of individual companies.

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Manufacturing costs vary depending on factors such as processing methods, machinery used, setup time, and processing time. In this document, we will examine the impact of adding 100% inspection on manufacturing costs, using the metal processing industry as an example, and we will look at specific numbers. *It may be easier to understand if you read "How to Determine Quotation Prices - Series 1: Basic Concepts of Labor Rates" first. *Please note that the numbers used in this document are merely examples and may not reflect the actual circumstances of individual companies.

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Manufacturing costs vary depending on processing methods, machinery used, setup time, processing time, and other factors. In this document, using the metal processing industry as an example, I would like to examine how making adjustments in machining center processing affects manufacturing costs, using specific figures. *I believe it would be easier to understand if you read "How to Determine Quotation Prices - Series 1: Basic Concepts of Labor Rates." *Please note that the figures used in this document are merely examples and may not accurately reflect the actual circumstances of individual companies.

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Manufacturing costs vary depending on processing methods, machinery used, setup time, processing time, and other factors. In this document, we will examine how manufacturing costs change when external setups are implemented during mass production using machining centers and NC lathes, using specific figures as examples. *It may be easier to understand if you read from "How to Determine Quotation Prices - Series 1: Basic Concepts of Labor Rates." *Please note that the figures used in this document are merely examples and may not accurately reflect the actual circumstances of individual companies.

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Manufacturing costs vary depending on processing methods, machinery used, setup time, processing time, and other factors. In this document, we will examine how manufacturing costs change when setup time is reduced during mass production using machining centers and NC lathes, using specific figures as examples. *It may be easier to understand if you read from "How to Determine Quotation Prices - Series 1: Basic Concepts of Labor Rates." *Please note that the figures used in this document are merely examples and may not reflect the actual circumstances of individual companies.

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Manufacturing costs vary depending on factors such as processing methods, machinery used, setup time, and processing time. In this document, we will examine how manufacturing costs change when altering the production lot size during mass production using machining centers and NC lathes, using specific figures as examples. *It may be easier to understand if you read "How to Determine Quotation Prices - Series 1: Basic Concepts of Labor Rates" first. *Please note that the figures used in this document are merely examples and may not accurately reflect the actual circumstances of individual companies.

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Manufacturing costs vary depending on processing methods, machinery used, setup time, processing time, and other factors. In this document, we will examine how manufacturing costs change when one person operates one machining center versus when one person operates multiple machining centers, using specific numbers as examples, focusing on the metal processing industry. *It may be easier to understand if you read "How to Determine Quotation Prices - Series 1: Basic Concepts of Labor Rates" first. *Please note that the numbers used in this document are merely examples and may not accurately reflect the actual situation of individual companies.

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Manufacturing costs vary depending on processing methods, machines used, setup time, processing time, and other factors. In this document, we will examine how much manufacturing costs change when comparing manual processing with general-purpose milling machines and lathes to unmanned processing with machining centers and CNC lathes, using specific figures as examples. *It may be easier to understand if you read "How to Determine Quotation Prices - Series 1: Basic Concepts of Labor Rates." *Please note that the figures used in this document are merely examples and may not accurately reflect the actual circumstances of individual companies.

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When estimating new products in the manufacturing industry, I believe calculations are based on the "rate" (which may be referred to by various names such as "processing rate" or "charge," but in this document, we will call it "rate"). For newcomers who have just joined the company, there may be many who say, "Our company has a set rate of ●● yen/minute, and we calculate estimates based on that, but I don't really understand how that number is determined." This document will look at how the rate is calculated and the basic concepts behind it. *Please note that this document aims to explain things as clearly as possible, so there are parts where detailed explanations have been simplified.*

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In the factory, various products are produced, and the "work instruction sheet," which outlines the work processes in order, is used in situations such as the following: - As educational material when a new person joins and needs to perform tasks - To ensure that there are no omissions when an order comes in after a long time - To clarify changes and prevent incorrect work from being done It is also used when experienced workers confirm familiar work procedures, but I believe its significance is particularly great during what are referred to as the 3 Hs (first time, changes, long time). While the "work instruction sheet" may describe what to do when work proceeds smoothly, there are likely few that include details on how to handle defective products, such as "if a defect occurs in this process, handle it this way." Even if such information exists, does it align with the actual processes? In this document, I would like to introduce cases where "defects occur even though we are supposed to be following the work instruction sheet."

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It is often said that 'business should be considered in terms of numbers.' When it comes to management decisions, the first numbers that come to mind are the financial figures used in accounting (such as sales, manufacturing costs, and gross profit). It would be great if we could make the right decisions using these numbers, but if we misuse them, we can end up making unexpected mistakes. In this document, I would like to introduce and explain the 'traps of easily misinterpreted numbers.'

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It is often said that 'business should be considered in terms of numbers.' When it comes to management decisions, the first numbers that come to mind are the financial figures used in accounting (such as sales, manufacturing costs, and gross profit). It would be great if we could make the right decisions using these numbers, but if we misuse them, we can end up making unexpected mistakes. In this document, I would like to introduce and explain the 'traps of easily misinterpreted numbers.'

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It is often said that 'business should be considered in terms of numbers.' When it comes to management decisions, the first numbers that come to mind are the financial figures used in accounting (such as sales, manufacturing costs, and gross profit). It would be great if we could make correct decisions using these numbers, but if we misuse them, we can end up making unexpected mistakes. In this document, I would like to introduce and explain the 'traps of easily misunderstood numbers.'

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It is often said that 'business should be considered in terms of numbers.' When it comes to management decisions, the first numbers that come to mind are the financial figures used in accounting (such as sales, manufacturing costs, and gross profit). It would be great if we could make the right decisions using these numbers, but if we misuse them, we can end up making unexpected mistakes. In this document, I would like to introduce and explain the 'traps of easily misinterpreted numbers.'

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It is often said that 'business should be considered in terms of numbers.' When it comes to management decisions, the first numbers that come to mind are the financial figures used in accounting (such as sales, manufacturing costs, and gross profit). It would be great if we could make the right decisions using these numbers, but if we misuse them, we can end up making unexpected mistakes. In this document, I would like to introduce and explain the 'traps of easily misinterpreted numbers.'

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It is often said that 'business should be considered in numbers.' When it comes to management decisions, the first numbers that come to mind are the financial figures used in accounting (such as sales, manufacturing costs, and gross profit). It would be great if we could make the right decisions using these numbers, but if we misuse them, we can end up making unexpected mistakes. In this document, I would like to introduce and explain the 'traps of easily misunderstood numbers.'

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In this document, I would like to outline the calculation method for "flatness," which is a type of geometric tolerance. Rather than following specific formulas, I aimed to emphasize the "meaning of the formulas" and what the calculations aim to achieve. *This document has been created with the intention of being as simple as possible. For detailed explanations, please refer to commercially available books and other resources.

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I will explain the contents and structure of a household toilet tank! *This document has been created with the aim of providing a simple explanation. For more detailed information, please refer to commercially available books and other resources.

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This document explains the flush valve, which plays a crucial role in toilets that are almost always installed in public facilities such as stations, commercial establishments, and schools. Specifically, I would like to explain the characteristics of the flush valve, the evolution of toilets, their structure, and the principles of operation using illustrations. *This document has been created with the aim of providing a simple explanation. For more detailed information, please refer to commercially available books and other resources.*

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Air conditioning units are installed everywhere, including your homes, workplaces, and even inside stations and buildings. When you search online for the mechanisms of air conditioning units and coolers, terms like "refrigeration cycle" and "heat pump" come up. While many articles and books introduce these principles, I believe there are not many that answer questions like "Why use refrigerants?" and "Why is a compressor necessary?" This document aims to address such simple questions. *This document has been created with the intention of providing a simple explanation. For detailed explanations, please refer to commercially available books and other resources.*

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Air conditioning units are installed in various places such as your home, workplace, and inside stations and buildings. When the air conditioning is in cooling mode, cold air flows out, and when it is in heating mode, warm air flows out. But what specific temperatures and humidity levels are present in the air that comes out? Additionally, what is the reasoning behind determining those levels? In this document, I would like to briefly explore how to create comfortable air using a tool called the "psychrometric chart." *This document has been created with the aim of providing a simple explanation. For more detailed information, please refer to commercially available books and other resources.*

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In the manufacturing industry, overseas production has become the norm. Many companies are developing new technologies while conducting daily production at domestic factories as mother plants, and producing high-volume mass-produced goods at overseas factories. There are various perspectives on where to establish production bases, such as "local production for local consumption," "risk diversification," and "reshoring." In this document, we will assume a scenario where the same product is produced at both domestic and overseas factories, and we will examine a numerical decision-making example based on the question: "In order to improve the defect rate, which is more advantageous—increasing production at the domestic factory or reducing the defect rate at the overseas factory?" (It is assumed that the domestic factory has a relatively lower defect rate compared to the overseas factory).

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In the manufacturing industry, improving the workplace is very important. However, it is not realistic to tackle every improvement idea that comes to mind amidst the busy daily routine. So, how should we prioritize these improvements? A common approach is to consider factors such as "cost-effectiveness," "ease of implementation," and "the magnitude of the effects when implemented." While we might say, "Let's think in terms of cost-effectiveness!" the first stumbling block is often, "How do we concretely think about this in numerical terms?" In this document, I would like to examine an example of decision-making based on numbers, using the question, "Should we focus on equipment updates or personnel training to improve defect rates?" as a basis.

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When you start studying quality management, you will come across something called the "7 QC Tools." These are (1) check sheets, (2) Pareto charts, (3) cause-and-effect diagrams, (4) graphs, (5) scatter diagrams, (6) histograms, and (7) stratification. In this document, I will explain what a cause-and-effect diagram, one of the 7 QC tools, is, along with specific methods for creating it and how to interpret it.

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When you start studying quality management, you will come across something called the "7 QC Tools." These are (1) check sheets, (2) Pareto charts, (3) cause-and-effect diagrams, (4) graphs, (5) scatter diagrams, (6) histograms, and (7) stratification. In this document, we will explain what a scatter diagram, one of the 7 QC tools, is, along with specific methods for creating it and how to interpret it.

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When you start studying quality management, you will come across something called the "7 QC Tools." These are (1) check sheets, (2) Pareto charts, (3) cause-and-effect diagrams, (4) graphs, (5) scatter diagrams, (6) histograms, and (7) stratification. In this document, we will explain what control charts, which are one of the 7 QC tools, are, along with specific methods for creating and interpreting them.

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When you start studying quality control, you will come across something called the "Seven QC Tools." These are (1) check sheets, (2) Pareto charts, (3) cause-and-effect diagrams, (4) graphs, (5) scatter diagrams, (6) histograms, and (7) stratification. In this document, we will explain what a histogram, one of the Seven QC Tools, is, along with specific methods for creating it and how to interpret it.

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When you start studying quality management, you will come across something called the "7 QC Tools." These are (1) check sheets, (2) Pareto charts, (3) cause-and-effect diagrams, (4) graphs, (5) scatter plots, (6) histograms, and (7) stratification. In this document, I will explain what a Pareto chart, one of the 7 QC tools, is, along with specific methods for creating it and how to interpret it.

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Cutting processing using CAD CAM (Solid Works, Master CAM) is possible. Complex-shaped parts require considerable effort in programming machine tools. Additionally, manual input work can inevitably lead to mistakes. Our company automates the program creation process through CAD CAM, enabling high-quality and quick cutting processing. With over 70 years of experience since our founding, we have developed production technology through transactions with major companies in mass production. This allows us to establish a system where "early setup with CAD CAM ⇒ improvements by skilled employees (reducing cycle time through tools and program enhancements) ⇒ achieving manufacturing that balances quality and cost" is possible. **Our Features** 1. **Track Record with Major Manufacturers** We have numerous direct transactions with major manufacturers in gas equipment, kitchens, air conditioning, semiconductors, and medical-related fields. 2. **In-House Integrated Production System** Our extensive in-house processing technology enables a wide range of integrated production (hot forging, cutting processing, brazing, pipe processing, assembly, leak testing). 3. **Proposals Based on Product Shape and Processing Method** By reviewing from the design stage, there is potential for quality improvement and cost reduction.

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CNC machining using CAD CAM (Solid Works, Master CAM) is possible. Complex-shaped parts require considerable effort in programming machine tools. Additionally, manual input work can inevitably lead to mistakes. Our company has automated the programming process through CAD CAM, enabling high-quality and quick machining. With over 70 years of experience since our founding, we have developed production technology through our dealings with major companies in mass production, allowing us to establish a system that realizes "early setup with CAD CAM → improvements by skilled employees (reducing cycle time through tools and program enhancements) → achieving manufacturing that balances quality and cost." **Our Features** 1. Track record with major manufacturers We have numerous direct transactions with major manufacturers in gas equipment, kitchens, air conditioning, semiconductors, and medical-related fields. 2. In-house integrated production system We possess a wide range of processing technologies that allow for integrated production (hot forging, machining, brazing, pipe processing, assembly, leak testing). 3. Proposals based on product shape and processing methods By reviewing from the design stage, there is potential for quality improvement and cost reduction.

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It is possible to perform cutting processing using CAD CAM (Solid Works, Master CAM). Complex-shaped parts require considerable effort in programming machine tools. Additionally, manual input work inevitably leads to mistakes. Our company has automated the programming process through CAD CAM, enabling high-quality and quick cutting processing. With over 70 years of experience since our founding, we have developed production technology through transactions with major companies for mass-produced products. This allows us to establish a system where "early setup with CAD CAM ⇒ improvements by skilled employees (reducing cycle time through tool and program improvements) ⇒ achieving manufacturing that balances quality and cost" is possible. **Our Features** 1. **Track Record with Major Manufacturers** We have numerous direct transactions with major manufacturers in gas equipment, kitchens, air conditioning, semiconductors, and medical-related fields. 2. **In-House Integrated Production System** We have a wide range of processing technologies in-house, allowing for integrated production (hot forging, cutting processing, brazing, pipe processing, assembly, leak testing). 3. **Proposals Based on Product Shape and Processing Method** By reviewing from the design stage, there is potential for quality improvement and cost reduction.

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CNC machining using CAD CAM (Solid Works, Master CAM) is possible. Complex-shaped parts require significant effort in programming machine tools. Additionally, manual input work can inevitably lead to mistakes. Our company automates the programming process through CAD CAM, enabling high-quality and quick machining. With over 70 years of experience since our founding, we have developed production technology through transactions with major companies for mass-produced goods. This allows us to establish a system where "early setup with CAD CAM ⇒ improvements by skilled employees (reducing cycle time through tools and program enhancements) ⇒ achieving manufacturing that balances quality and cost" is possible. **Our Features** 1. **Track Record with Major Manufacturers** We have numerous direct transactions with major manufacturers in gas equipment, kitchens, air conditioning, semiconductors, and medical-related fields. 2. **In-House Integrated Production System** We possess a wide range of machining technologies that allow for integrated production (hot forging, machining, brazing, pipe processing, assembly, leak testing). 3. **Proposals Based on Product Shape and Processing Methods** By reviewing from the design stage, there is potential for quality improvement and cost reduction.

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Cutting processing using CAD CAM (Solid Works, Master CAM) is possible. Complex-shaped parts require considerable effort in programming machine tools. Additionally, manual input work inevitably leads to mistakes. Our company automates the programming process through CAD CAM, enabling high-quality and quick cutting processing. With over 70 years of experience since our founding, we have developed a production system that combines the production technology cultivated through mass production transactions with major companies, allowing us to achieve "early setup with CAD CAM ⇒ improvements by skilled employees (reducing cycle time through tool and program improvements) ⇒ manufacturing that balances quality and cost." **Our Features** 1. Track record of transactions with major manufacturers We have numerous direct transactions with major manufacturers in gas equipment, kitchens, air conditioning, semiconductors, and medical-related fields. 2. In-house integrated production system We possess a wide range of processing technologies that allow for integrated production (hot forging, cutting processing, brazing, pipe processing, assembly, leak testing). 3. Proposals based on product shape and processing methods By reviewing from the design stage, there is potential for quality improvement and cost reduction.

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Cutting processing using CAD CAM (Solid Works, Master CAM) is possible. Complex-shaped parts require considerable effort in programming machine tools. Additionally, manual input work inevitably leads to mistakes. Our company automates the programming process through CAD CAM, enabling high-quality and quick cutting processing. With over 70 years of experience since our founding, we have developed a production system that combines the production technology cultivated through mass production transactions with major companies, allowing us to achieve "early setup with CAD CAM ⇒ improvements by skilled employees (reducing cycle time through tools and program improvements) ⇒ manufacturing that balances quality and cost." **Our Features** 1. Track record of transactions with major manufacturers We have numerous direct transactions with major manufacturers in gas equipment, kitchens, air conditioning, semiconductors, and medical-related fields. 2. In-house integrated production system We possess a wide range of processing technologies that allow for integrated production (hot forging, cutting processing, brazing, pipe processing, assembly, leak testing). 3. Proposals based on product shape and processing methods By reviewing from the design stage, there is potential for quality improvement and cost reduction.

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CNC machining using CAD CAM (Solid Works, Master CAM) is possible. Complexly shaped aluminum parts require considerable effort in programming machine tools. Additionally, manual input work inevitably leads to mistakes. Our company automates the programming process using CAD CAM, enabling high-quality and quick machining. With over 70 years of experience since our founding, we have developed production technology through transactions with major companies for mass-produced products. This allows us to establish a system that enables "early setup with CAD CAM ⇒ improvements by skilled employees (reducing cycle time through tools and program enhancements) ⇒ achieving manufacturing that balances quality and cost." **Our Features** 1. Track record of transactions with major manufacturers We have numerous direct transactions with major manufacturers in gas equipment, kitchens, air conditioning, semiconductors, and medical-related fields. 2. In-house integrated production system We possess a wide range of processing technologies, allowing for integrated production (hot forging, machining, brazing, pipe processing, assembly, leak testing). 3. Proposals based on product shape and processing methods By reviewing from the design stage, there is potential for quality improvement and cost reduction.

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CNC machining using CAD CAM (Solid Works, Master CAM) is possible. Complexly shaped aluminum parts require considerable effort in programming machine tools. Additionally, manual input work inevitably leads to mistakes. Our company automates the programming process through CAD CAM, enabling high-quality and quick machining. With over 70 years of experience since our founding, we have developed production technology through transactions with major companies for mass-produced products. This allows us to establish a system that enables "early setup with CAD CAM ⇒ improvements by skilled employees (reducing cycle time through tools and program enhancements) ⇒ achieving manufacturing that balances quality and cost." **Our Features** 1. Track record of transactions with major manufacturers We have numerous direct transactions with major manufacturers in gas equipment, kitchens, air conditioning, semiconductors, and medical-related fields. 2. In-house integrated production system We possess a wide range of processing technologies that allow for integrated production (hot forging, machining, brazing, pipe processing, assembly, leak testing). 3. Proposals based on product shape and processing methods By reviewing from the design stage, there is potential for quality improvement and cost reduction.

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We are capable of machining using CAD CAM (Solid Works, Master CAM). Machining complex-shaped aluminum parts requires considerable effort in programming machine tools. Additionally, manual input work inevitably leads to mistakes. By automating the programming process with CAD CAM, we can achieve high-quality and quick machining. With over 70 years of experience since our founding, we have developed a production system that combines the production technology cultivated through mass production transactions with major companies, enabling us to realize "early setup with CAD CAM ⇒ improvements by skilled employees (reducing cycle time through tools and program enhancements) ⇒ manufacturing that balances quality and cost." **Our Features** 1. **Track Record with Major Manufacturers** We have numerous direct transactions with major manufacturers in gas equipment, kitchens, air conditioning, semiconductors, and medical-related fields. 2. **In-House Integrated Production System** We possess a wide range of processing technologies that allow for integrated production (hot forging, machining, brazing, pipe processing, assembly, leak testing). 3. **Proposals Based on Product Shape and Processing Method** By reviewing from the design stage, there is potential for quality improvement and cost reduction.

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Excel has various functions, and as you study functions like SUM and IF, you may become captivated by their convenience and want to learn even more functions. On the other hand, there may be those working in the manufacturing industry who feel troubled by not knowing "specifically which functions are used and how they are used." In this document, I would like to explore how one of the Excel functions, SUMIF, can be used in the manufacturing industry, using examples.

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Excel has various functions, and as you study functions like SUM and IF, you may become captivated by their convenience and want to learn even more functions. On the other hand, there may be those working in the manufacturing industry who feel the concern of not knowing "specifically which functions are used and how they are applied." In this document, I would like to explore how one of the Excel functions, COUNTIF, can be used in the manufacturing industry, using examples.

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It is, of course, something that should not happen to have delays in delivery. However, I believe that due to rush orders or machine conflicts, it is sometimes necessary to adjust delivery dates. In this document, I will explain a simple method to check from the delivery schedule compiled in Excel whether there are any items that are delayed or are likely to be delayed (Excel version: 2019). I hope the content of this document will be helpful to you.

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"I have learned to use the SUM function and IF function in Excel. What should I study next?" "It seems that pivot tables are convenient, but I don't know how to use them specifically." "How are pivot tables used in manufacturing sites?" This document has been created for those who have such concerns. Once you can use pivot tables, you can freely summarize individual data. In this document, we will introduce a case study using daily sales quantity data for each product to aggregate the sales quantity for the month using a pivot table. The examples in this document are basic, but for those using pivot tables for the first time, practicing according to this document will help you easily visualize the overall concept of pivot tables. I hope the content of this document will be helpful to you.

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In factories, I think you often hear that "it is necessary to reduce inventory." Why is reducing inventory such an important matter? What specific significance does it hold for factory management? In this document, I would like to explore how inventory reduction impacts factory management by considering it alongside the indicator of management efficiency known as ROA (Return On Assets).

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"We need to improve the productivity of the factory." "Improving ROE is our company's challenge." When we talk about "productivity," we refer to factory matters, and when we mention "ROE," it is something the management discusses, which may seem to have no direct relationship at first glance. However, there is a close relationship between the two. Let's specifically examine the relationship between the two through the example of robotization in the production line.

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Have you ever heard the following in companies, newspapers, or news? "Improving ROE and ROA is important." "From now on, it's about ROE management." When you search for ROE online, you will find the following formula: ROE (%) = Profit ÷ Equity × 100 "I kind of understand the definition, but why is it important?" "What does it have to do with the daily work in the factory?" If you have such questions, please read this document. We will explain how events in the factory are connected to ROE and ROA.

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"I have learned to use the SUM function and the IF function in Excel. What function should I study next?" "It seems that the VLOOKUP function is convenient, but I don't know how to use it specifically." "How is VLOOKUP used in manufacturing sites?" This document has been created for those who have such concerns. Once you can use VLOOKUP, you can consolidate data scattered in various places into a single table. In this document, we will introduce a case of combining two tables: one that summarizes the departments responsible for each part and another that summarizes the inventory count for each part.

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