iPROS Manufacturing
  • Search for products by classification category

    • Electronic Components and Modules
      Electronic Components and Modules
      62253items
    • Machinery Parts
      Machinery Parts
      76025items
    • Manufacturing and processing machinery
      Manufacturing and processing machinery
      102200items
    • Scientific and Physics Equipment
      Scientific and Physics Equipment
      36622items
    • Materials
      Materials
      37950items
    • Measurement and Analysis
      Measurement and Analysis
      55090items
    • Image Processing
      Image Processing
      15435items
    • Control and Electrical Equipment
      Control and Electrical Equipment
      54778items
    • Tools, consumables, and supplies
      Tools, consumables, and supplies
      65854items
    • Design and production support
      Design and production support
      12702items
    • IT/Network
      IT/Network
      45875items
    • Office
      Office
      14196items
    • Business support services
      Business support services
      26670items
    • Seminars and Skill Development
      Seminars and Skill Development
      6625items
    • Pharmaceutical and food related
      Pharmaceutical and food related
      34345items
    • others
      75896items
  • Search for companies by industry

    • Manufacturing and processing contract
      7343
    • others
      4997
    • Industrial Machinery
      4460
    • Machine elements and parts
      3353
    • Other manufacturing
      2885
    • Trading company/Wholesale
      2683
    • IT/Telecommunications
      2571
    • Industrial Electrical Equipment
      2321
    • Building materials, supplies and fixtures
      1817
    • software
      1672
    • Electronic Components and Semiconductors
      1592
    • Resin/Plastic
      1502
    • Service Industry
      1486
    • Testing, Analysis and Measurement
      1135
    • Ferrous/Non-ferrous metals
      990
    • environment
      698
    • Chemical
      643
    • Automobiles and Transportation Equipment
      595
    • Printing Industry
      514
    • Information and Communications
      470
    • Consumer Electronics
      413
    • Energy
      336
    • Rubber products
      320
    • Food Machinery
      308
    • Optical Instruments
      283
    • robot
      276
    • fiber
      255
    • Paper and pulp
      231
    • Pharmaceuticals and Biotechnology
      174
    • Electricity, Gas and Water Industry
      168
    • Warehousing and transport related industries
      149
    • Glass and clay products
      138
    • Food and Beverage
      132
    • CAD/CAM
      125
    • Medical Devices
      112
    • Educational and Research Institutions
      111
    • retail
      108
    • Ceramics
      98
    • wood
      86
    • Transportation
      84
    • Petroleum and coal products
      66
    • Medical and Welfare
      62
    • Shipbuilding and heavy machinery
      51
    • Aviation & Aerospace
      49
    • equipment
      43
    • Fisheries, Agriculture and Forestry
      42
    • Materials
      36
    • Research and development equipment and devices
      33
    • Public interest/special/independent administrative agency
      32
    • self-employed
      24
    • Government
      23
    • Mining
      17
    • cosmetics
      16
    • Finance, securities and insurance
      15
    • Restaurants and accommodations
      10
    • Individual
      10
    • Police, Fire Department, Self-Defense Forces
      7
    • Laboratory Equipment and Consumables
      5
    • Raw materials for reagents and chemicals
      4
    • Contracted research
      3
  • Special Features
  • Ranking

    • Overall Products Ranking
    • Overall Company Ranking
Search for Products
  • Search for products by classification category

  • Electronic Components and Modules
  • Machinery Parts
  • Manufacturing and processing machinery
  • Scientific and Physics Equipment
  • Materials
  • Measurement and Analysis
  • Image Processing
  • Control and Electrical Equipment
  • Tools, consumables, and supplies
  • Design and production support
  • IT/Network
  • Office
  • Business support services
  • Seminars and Skill Development
  • Pharmaceutical and food related
  • others
Search for Companies
  • Search for companies by industry

  • Manufacturing and processing contract
  • others
  • Industrial Machinery
  • Machine elements and parts
  • Other manufacturing
  • Trading company/Wholesale
  • IT/Telecommunications
  • Industrial Electrical Equipment
  • Building materials, supplies and fixtures
  • software
  • Electronic Components and Semiconductors
  • Resin/Plastic
  • Service Industry
  • Testing, Analysis and Measurement
  • Ferrous/Non-ferrous metals
  • environment
  • Chemical
  • Automobiles and Transportation Equipment
  • Printing Industry
  • Information and Communications
  • Consumer Electronics
  • Energy
  • Rubber products
  • Food Machinery
  • Optical Instruments
  • robot
  • fiber
  • Paper and pulp
  • Pharmaceuticals and Biotechnology
  • Electricity, Gas and Water Industry
  • Warehousing and transport related industries
  • Glass and clay products
  • Food and Beverage
  • CAD/CAM
  • Medical Devices
  • Educational and Research Institutions
  • retail
  • Ceramics
  • wood
  • Transportation
  • Petroleum and coal products
  • Medical and Welfare
  • Shipbuilding and heavy machinery
  • Aviation & Aerospace
  • equipment
  • Fisheries, Agriculture and Forestry
  • Materials
  • Research and development equipment and devices
  • Public interest/special/independent administrative agency
  • self-employed
  • Government
  • Mining
  • cosmetics
  • Finance, securities and insurance
  • Restaurants and accommodations
  • Individual
  • Police, Fire Department, Self-Defense Forces
  • Laboratory Equipment and Consumables
  • Raw materials for reagents and chemicals
  • Contracted research
Special Features
Ranking
  • Overall Products Ranking
  • Overall Company Ranking
  • privacy policy
  • terms of service
  • About Us
  • Careers
  • Advertising
  1. Home
  2. Industrial Electrical Equipment
  3. Nippon Kernel System CO., LTD.
  4. Our new I-V curve tracer can measure "high-efficiency solar cells" such as N-type, half-cut cells, and N-type back contact.
PRODUCT
  • Jul 02, 2025
  • Added to bookmarks

    Bookmarks list

    Bookmark has been removed

    Bookmarks list

    You can't add any more bookmarks

    By registering as a member, you can increase the number of bookmarks you can save and organize them with labels.

    Free membership registration
Jul 02, 2025

Our new I-V curve tracer can measure "high-efficiency solar cells" such as N-type, half-cut cells, and N-type back contact.

Nippon Kernel System CO., LTD. Nippon Kernel System CO., LTD.
In recent years, there have been reports of cases where high-efficiency solar cells (such as N-type and half-cut cells) cannot measure I-V curves using competitor products or the old Epsilon 1000 (PVA14300). However, measurement is possible with the current Epsilon 1000 (PVA14300R) and Epsilon 1500 (PVA18340). Both the current and old models of Epsilon have a built-in overcurrent detection circuit, which prevents equipment failure by cutting off the current and stopping I-V curve measurement if the measurable current exceeds 30 [A] (when overcurrent is detected). High-efficiency solar cells tend to have a large inrush current flowing into the Epsilon, leading to a higher frequency of measurement stoppages due to overcurrent detection with the old Epsilon. Even if the catalog value of the solar cell is around 15 [A], the actual output current can momentarily exceed 30 [A] significantly. The current Epsilon is equipped with an inrush current prevention circuit that performs gradual short-circuit processing. This suppresses the occurrence of overcurrent during short circuits, making measurement possible even when the capacitive component of the PV is large. Measurement is also possible with the Gamma series and Delta.
Measurement is possible with the above four models.
Measurement is possible with the above four models.
  • Inquiry about this news

    Contact Us Online

Related Documents

高効率太陽電池のIVカーブ計測について_日本カーネルシステム株式会社.pdf[987295]

Related product

こんなお悩みをお持ちの方.PNG

Measurement of I-V Curves for High-Efficiency Solar Cells (2)

Recently sold high-efficiency solar cells PVA14300R, PVA18340, PVA11270, and PVA14301 can be measured using I-V measurements.

In recent years, there have been reports of cases where I-V curves cannot be measured for high-efficiency solar cells (such as N-type and half-cut cells) using products from other companies or the old model Epsilon 1000 (PVA14300) PV analyzer. However, it is possible to measure them using the current Epsilon 1000 (PVA14300R), Epsilon 1500 (PVA18340), Gamma series (PVA11270, PVA14301), and Delta (PVA11272) PV analyzers, which will be explained in this document.

  • Other measurement, recording and measuring instruments

Added to bookmarks

Bookmarks list

Bookmark has been removed

Bookmarks list

You can't add any more bookmarks

By registering as a member, you can increase the number of bookmarks you can save and organize them with labels.

Free membership registration
Ntype計測可能広告.PNG

I-V curve tracer *Measurement of N-Type solar cells is also possible!

You can easily see the power generation status of the solar power generation system at the string unit level! An I-V curve tracer that is ideal for completion inspections and regular inspections of mega-solar systems!

The PV Analyzer "Epsilon 1000/1500" is an I-V curve measurement device capable of measuring new high-efficiency solar cells. It is the most popular measuring instrument for assessing the actual power generation of PV power systems. 【Features】 ■ Current measurement up to a maximum of 30[A] Supports I-V measurements for various types of solar cells, including N-Type, half-cut cells, and bifacial types! ■ Short measurement time (approximately 1 second until result display, less affected by sudden changes in sunlight) ■ Simple operability (screen supports Japanese display, easy measurement with one button) ■ Internal data storage capacity of 9999 entries, suitable for large-scale power plants ■ When used simultaneously with the measurement unit (CMU12281) [sold separately] and connected to a PC, I-V curve data can be combined with irradiance and temperature data and automatically saved to the PC (using the included software) (Data can also be combined later using PC software) * For more details, please download the PDF or feel free to contact us. * Demo units are available for loan (approximately one week). The Epsilon 1500 is also available for rental.

  • Logic Analyzer

Added to bookmarks

Bookmarks list

Bookmark has been removed

Bookmarks list

You can't add any more bookmarks

By registering as a member, you can increase the number of bookmarks you can save and organize them with labels.

Free membership registration
いぷ.png

I-V curve tracer (PV analyzer) 'Epsilon 1000'-PVA14300R-

Solar cell strings with a system voltage of up to 1000V can be measured. Reliable I-V measurement with a linear sweep within 200 [ms]!

This is an I-V curve tracer compatible with the voltage range of 1000V, suitable for many residential and industrial solar power generation systems. It is an I-V curve tracer for solar cell strings that supports 1000V/30A. The functionality has been significantly renewed from the old PVA14300 model! It can store up to 9999 data points in internal memory, displays results in about 1 second, and allows for short-duration measurements that are less affected by sudden changes in sunlight or shading. 【Features】 - Capable of measuring 1000[V] and 30[A] (can also measure ultra-high output modules such as parallel strings and bifacial modules) - Measurement interval shortened to 5-12 seconds (varies depending on the measurement target) - Equipped with an automatic measurement function (manual/automatic selection available) - Added Japanese mode to the operation guide (English option also available) - Safe operation with reverse connection detection function (misuse detection) - Internal data storage capacity of 9999 points, suitable for large-scale power plants.

  • Other measurement, recording and measuring instruments

Added to bookmarks

Bookmarks list

Bookmark has been removed

Bookmarks list

You can't add any more bookmarks

By registering as a member, you can increase the number of bookmarks you can save and organize them with labels.

Free membership registration
ep1500_m.jpg

I-V curve tracer (PV analyzer) 'Epsilon 1500'-PVA18340-

PV strings with a system voltage of up to 1500V can be measured. Reliable I-V measurements with a linear sweep within 200 ms!

The "Epsilon 1500" is an I-V curve tracer that supports a voltage range of 1500V, suitable for large industrial solar power generation systems. It is an I-V curve tracer for solar cell strings compatible with 1500V/30A. The functions have been significantly renewed from conventional models. It can store up to 9999 data points in internal memory, displays results in about 1 second, and allows for short-term measurements that are less affected by sudden changes in sunlight or shading. 【Features】 - Capable of measuring 1500[V] and 30[A] (can also measure ultra-high output modules such as parallel strings and bifacial modules) - Added a Japanese mode to the operation guide (English is also selectable) - Equipped with reverse connection detection for safe operation (misuse detection) - Uses MC4 connectors for measurement connections, ensuring reliable and safe measurements - Has a voltage tester function, allowing for continuous voltage measurement up to 1500[V] - Internal data storage capacity of 9999 points, suitable for large-scale power plants.

  • Logic Analyzer
  • Other electronic measuring instruments

Added to bookmarks

Bookmarks list

Bookmark has been removed

Bookmarks list

You can't add any more bookmarks

By registering as a member, you can increase the number of bookmarks you can save and organize them with labels.

Free membership registration
キャプチガンマ.PNG

I-V Curve Tracer [PV Analyzer Gamma 600/1000]

High-precision IV curve measurement device. Detailed measurement settings and automatic measurements can be performed without a PC. Ideal for the development and research of solar cells, such as outdoor exposure tests. [Demo unit available for loan◎]

We have adopted an electronic load method to achieve high-performance I-V curve measurement. Based on customer requirements, we will configure a solar cell evaluation system centered around this device. We can also propose systems such as measurement systems in open state and grid-connected measurement systems using power conditioners. Of course, it can also be used for maintenance purposes. ◆ Variable sweep direction: short circuit → open circuit, open circuit → short circuit, etc. ◆ Variable sweep time: 150[ms] to 1000[ms] ◆ I-V curves can be checked on-site using a high-resolution color monitor ◆ Measurement of special solar cells (CPV) from a single unit is possible ◆ Clear graph display through 1024-point measurement * For more details, please download the PDF or feel free to contact us. * Demo units are also available for loan, so please get in touch.

  • Testing Equipment and Devices
  • Other inspection equipment and devices

Added to bookmarks

Bookmarks list

Bookmark has been removed

Bookmarks list

You can't add any more bookmarks

By registering as a member, you can increase the number of bookmarks you can save and organize them with labels.

Free membership registration
241112_PVA11272.png

I-V Curve Tracer [PV Analyzer Delta]

I-V curve tracer that measures the generation quadrant and reverse voltage quadrant with electronic load function and reverse voltage application function [Demo unit available for loan◎].

In addition to measuring the power generation quadrant characteristics of solar cells, measuring the reverse voltage quadrant characteristics allows for accurate short-circuit current (Isc) measurements and also enables the measurement of bypass diode characteristics within the solar cells. We will configure a solar cell evaluation system centered around this device to meet customer requirements. We can also propose systems such as measurement systems in an open state and grid-connected measurement systems using power conditioners. ◆ The electronic load and reverse voltage application function allow for I-V curve checks in both the power generation quadrant and the reverse voltage quadrant. ◆ The sweep direction is variable: short-circuit to open-circuit, open-circuit to short-circuit, etc. ◆ The sweep time is variable: 150 [ms] to 1000 [ms]. ◆ I-V curves can be checked on-site using a high-resolution color monitor. ◆ Measurements can be taken from a single special solar cell (CPV). ◆ Clear graph displays are achieved through 1024-point measurements. * For more details, please download the PDF or feel free to contact us. * Demo units are also available for loan, so please get in touch.

  • Other electronic measuring instruments

Added to bookmarks

Bookmarks list

Bookmark has been removed

Bookmarks list

You can't add any more bookmarks

By registering as a member, you can increase the number of bookmarks you can save and organize them with labels.

Free membership registration
イプシロン1500(New).png

Rental of the I-V curve tracer "Epsilon 1500" has begun!

Due to the requests of many customers, we have started renting out the PV analyzer "Epsilon 1500" for completion inspections and spot inspections of solar power plants!

The "Epsilon 1500V" is an IV curve tracer designed for the maintenance of high-voltage solar power generation systems. Building on the features of the PV analyzer "Epsilon 400/1000," it achieves 1500[V] measurement. 【Features】 ■ Short measurement time (approximately 1 second until result display; less affected by sudden changes in sunlight or shadows) ■ Simple operability (measurement possible with one button, no prior settings required) ■ By connecting this device and the measurement unit (CMU12281, available for simultaneous rental) to a PC, synchronization of I-V curves with sunlight and temperature data is possible (using the included software) ■ Uses MC4 connectors for the measurement connection, ensuring reliable and safe measurements ■ Equipped with a voltage tester function, capable of measuring voltages up to 1500[V] continuously *For more details, please check the URL below or feel free to contact us. http://www.kernel-sys.co.jp/product/rental/nks_rental.html

  • Logic Analyzer
  • Other measurement, recording and measuring instruments

Added to bookmarks

Bookmarks list

Bookmark has been removed

Bookmarks list

You can't add any more bookmarks

By registering as a member, you can increase the number of bookmarks you can save and organize them with labels.

Free membership registration
画像.jpg

Results in about 1 second! IV measurement of solar power generation at 1500V high voltage.

Short-term measurements that display results in about 1 second are possible! Ideal for completion inspections and regular inspections of power generation systems! Available for both sale and rental. *Catalog available.

The "Epsilon 1500V" is an I-V curve tracer designed for the maintenance of high-voltage solar power generation systems. Building on the features of the PV Analyzer "Epsilon 400/1000," it achieves 1500[V] measurement. 【Features】 ■ Short measurement time (approximately 1 second until result display; less affected by sudden changes in sunlight or shadows) ■ Simple operability (no prior settings required; measurement can be done with one button) ■ By connecting this device and the measurement unit (CMU12281, sold separately) to a PC simultaneously, synchronization of I-V curves with solar radiation and temperature data is possible (using the included software) ■ Uses MC4 connectors for measurement connections, ensuring reliable and safe measurements ■ Equipped with a voltage tester function, capable of measuring voltages up to 1500[V] at all times *For more details, please download the PDF or feel free to contact us.

  • Logic Analyzer
  • Other electronic measuring instruments

Added to bookmarks

Bookmarks list

Bookmark has been removed

Bookmarks list

You can't add any more bookmarks

By registering as a member, you can increase the number of bookmarks you can save and organize them with labels.

Free membership registration

Related catalog(1)

Measurement of I-V Curves for High-Efficiency Solar Cells (2)

Measurement of I-V Curves for High-Efficiency Solar Cells (2)

TECHNICAL
  • E-book viewing
  • Catalog download

Contact this catalog

Distributors

Nippon Kernel System CO., LTD.
Industrial Electrical Equipment
  • Added to bookmarks

    Bookmarks list

    Bookmark has been removed

    Bookmarks list

    You can't add any more bookmarks

    By registering as a member, you can increase the number of bookmarks you can save and organize them with labels.

    Free membership registration
Nippon Kernel System CO., LTD.
  • Special site
  • Official site
Phone number/address

news

Hyper CLT flooring panel

Added a glossary to the website to make technical terms easier to understand.

  • NEW
  • PRODUCT

We have added a new **"Glossary"** to the Hyper CLT sheet website. In the civil engineering and construction industries, there are many specialized terms such as "CLT," "NETIS," "temporary roads," and "wooden lightweight sheets." Therefore, we have introduced related terms in an easy-to-understand manner so that those who are encountering Hyper CLT sheets for the first time can understand the products and technologies. Hyper CLT sheets are wooden lightweight sheets for civil engineering that utilize wood CLT and are registered under the Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism's NETIS technology as **"TH-250021-A."** We hope that by not only conveying the features of the product but also sharing the underlying technologies and terminology, users will feel a closer connection to Hyper CLT sheets. We will continue to enhance our website and provide clear information related to wood, NETIS, civil engineering, and CLT.

Oct 10, 2026

Added to bookmarks

Bookmarks list

Bookmark has been removed

Bookmarks list

You can't add any more bookmarks

By registering as a member, you can increase the number of bookmarks you can save and organize them with labels.

Free membership registration
CCS3 product photo

The new product "Vehicle Count Sensor CCS3" enables efficient occupancy management of large parking lots.

  • NEW
  • PRODUCT

Hotron Inc. has launched its new product, the "Vehicle Count Sensor CCS3"! This product is a ceiling-mounted sensor that combines infrared and radar technology. It reliably detects vehicles in both directions with a single unit, accommodating traffic during congestion and vehicle passing, thus achieving efficient occupancy management in large parking lots. Additionally, it can be utilized for exit warning purposes in addition to vehicle counting, contributing to the safe and smooth operation of parking facilities. 'Features' - Improved detection performance against changes in road surface during rainy weather by using both infrared and radar. - Equipped with IP67 waterproof and dustproof performance, making it effective even in salt damage areas. - Various settings can be configured from a dedicated app (for Android devices), with current settings easily understandable at a glance. - The base dimensions are the same as the previous model "CCS2," allowing for smooth replacement of existing equipment. *For more details, please refer to the product information, catalog download, or contact us.*

Oct 09, 2026

Added to bookmarks

Bookmarks list

Bookmark has been removed

Bookmarks list

You can't add any more bookmarks

By registering as a member, you can increase the number of bookmarks you can save and organize them with labels.

Free membership registration
Hyper CLT flooring panel

On September 15, we issued a press release for the hyper CLT flooring.

  • NEW
  • PRODUCT

On September 15, 2026, we issued a press release regarding the wooden lightweight sheet "Hyper CLT Sheet." The Hyper CLT Sheet is a civil engineering sheet that utilizes CLT (Cross-Laminated Timber) stacked in an orthogonal direction. It can be used in various locations such as temporary roads, access routes, heavy machinery work yards, and material storage areas. The 5×10 version weighs approximately 230 kg, making it relatively lightweight and easy to install, remove, and relocate. Additionally, it offers environmental benefits such as reducing glare and metallic sounds typical of wood, as well as CO2 fixation. Furthermore, it can be proposed for the use of new technologies in public works as a **registered technology with the Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism "TH-250021-A."** Through this press release, we aim to expand the new wooden lightweight sheet that combines wood, NETIS, civil engineering, and CLT to more construction sites.

Oct 09, 2026

Added to bookmarks

Bookmarks list

Bookmark has been removed

Bookmarks list

You can't add any more bookmarks

By registering as a member, you can increase the number of bookmarks you can save and organize them with labels.

Free membership registration

Casting sand mold 3D printer prototype production

  • NEW
  • COMPANY

● The production time for cast prototypes can be shortened! Since model making is not required, the production time for prototypes, which previously took about a month, can be significantly reduced. ● Model costs can be reduced! By directly producing sand molds from 3D data, there is no need for model production costs. If changes to the model are necessary, they can be addressed by modifying the 3D data. ● Similar products with different shapes and dimensions can be prototyped simultaneously! Different products, such as similar shapes or varying dimensions, can be molded at the same time in one molding process. This allows for the verification of multiple types in a short period.

Oct 09, 2026

Added to bookmarks

Bookmarks list

Bookmark has been removed

Bookmarks list

You can't add any more bookmarks

By registering as a member, you can increase the number of bookmarks you can save and organize them with labels.

Free membership registration
Non-contact light beam touch sensor "HA-T Series"

【Catalog now available!】Energy-saving automatic door sensors "HA-T401/HA-T520"

  • NEW
  • CATALOG

The "HA-T Series" is an energy-saving automatic door sensor that opens only for those who wish to enter, whether on a busy street or in a narrow passageway. The automatic door opens simply by bringing your hand close, addressing hygiene concerns even in facilities used by a large number of people. You can choose between "Non-vision Mount Type/HA-T401" and "Non-vision Built-in Type/HA-T520" depending on the application and installation location. 【Recommended for such places!】 ☑ Entrance facing a busy corridor ☑ Presence of counters or signs near the door ☑ Buildings facing narrow passages ☑ Buildings that prioritize aesthetics ☑ Hospitals and facilities that consider hygiene ☑ Large facilities with many doors 【Features】 ● Adaptable to various door types with four detection spot settings ● Reduces unnecessary opening and closing, contributing to energy-saving by minimizing wasteful power consumption ● Equipped with a light touch function, allowing the door to open and close just by waving your hand, ensuring hygiene ● Can also be used as a wide detection range non-vision infrared sensor ◎ For more details, please download the materials or contact us.

Oct 08, 2026

Added to bookmarks

Bookmarks list

Bookmark has been removed

Bookmarks list

You can't add any more bookmarks

By registering as a member, you can increase the number of bookmarks you can save and organize them with labels.

Free membership registration
Return to news list
  • 技術・製品展示会 新技術創出交流会2026 入場無料 来場登録受付中 開催日時10月22日木・23日金 会場東京たま未来メッセ
  • 脱炭素×高出力×軽量 天吊式・人感センサ付 速暖式工場用暖房機
    • Inquiry about this news

      Contact Us Online

    Products

    • Search for Products

    Company

    • Search for Companies

    Special Features

    • Special Features

    Ranking

    • Overall Products Ranking
    • Overall Company Ranking

    support

    • site map
    IPROS
    • privacy policy Regarding external transmission of information
    • terms of service
    • About Us
    • Careers
    • Advertising
    IPROS Services
    • >IPROS GMS | Search site for the manufacturing industry
    • >IPROS | Search site for the B2B industry
    COPYRIGHT © 2001-2026 IPROS CORPORATION ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
    Please note that the English text on this page is automatically translated and may contain inaccuracies.