[Materials, Custom Test Equipment, High-Temperature Furnace] Exhibition from October 6 to 8, 2021 at Tokyo Big Sight.

We will achieve on-site observation of micro-mount components such as chip components, melting of solids and powders, and soldering on substrates (□100mm)!

■Features of the Large Heating Observation Device "IR-HP Series" It enables on-site observation of small mounted components such as chip parts, substrates (up to 100mm), melting of solids and powders, and brazing! ▼Features▼ - Infrared concentration on the sample allows for uniform high-temperature heating of substrates and other materials at a speed of one meter per second. - Clean heating and clear heating observation with a simple structure that is maintenance-free. ■Applications On-site observation can be performed from the top or side of various materials. The videos saved during on-site observation display elapsed time and temperature, and also include a measurement function. The standard closed structure of the furnace body makes it easy to perform vacuum pumping and introduce various gases for rapid cooling. ■Basic Configuration of the Large Heating Observation Device "IR-HP Series" - Stage furnace body - Sample holder (100mm quartz holder with one R thermocouple) - Temperature controller - Cooling water circulation device - CCD camera and zoom lens - PC and image capture software If you have any questions or requests regarding the microscope stage, please feel free to contact us. We also conduct heating observation tests of samples and demonstrations for consideration of installation at our Yokohama office, so please contact us if you are interested.

• Circuit board design and manufacturing
• Soldering Equipment
• Solder

Because it is software from a test equipment manufacturer, we understand the "test content" and the "mechanism of the test equipment," allowing us to respond flexibly to our customers' specifications.

▼Automation Points for Reading at Yonezawa Manufacturing Co., Ltd.▼ ▮Immediate Digitalization of Test Results By introducing software, handwritten or manually entered test results can be automatically read, allowing data to be imported from the testing machine*. Recording for each test specimen becomes easier, and real-time graphing is also possible. *Please confirm that there is no external output such as voltage from the testing machine. ▮Customization of Recorded Data and Input Items Management data can be customized according to your requirements. You can increase the number of optional input items and confirmation checks, allowing for better management of required data on the computer screen. Test reports utilizing this data can be issued immediately, and it is also possible to change the input and output items according to other required information. ▮Automatic Recording of Other Tests and Conditions Simultaneously Temperature and humidity during testing, as well as outputs from digital gauges and calipers, can be recorded on the computer simultaneously, eliminating the hassle of "checking and recording." With this function, you can simply press the start button for the test, and other information can be easily recorded, contributing to a reduction in labor.

• Testing Equipment and Devices
• Recorders
• Document and Data Management

Minimize work inside the glove box ◎ Screening of solid electrolyte materials / Impedance evaluation by temperature characteristics ◎ Multiple uniform, short time, and accurate test evaluation

It excels in material screening of solid electrolytes and impedance evaluation according to temperature characteristics! ▼Features▼ 1. Reproduces various heating patterns of inorganic electrolyte heating and sintering processes in a short time. - Temperature can be adjusted with an accuracy of ±1°C within a temperature range of 50°C to 1200°C. - The heating rate is also a maximum of 300°C/min, allowing for various heating patterns to be tested in a short time even from room temperature. 2. Efficient simultaneous evaluation of impedance measurements for lithium-ion conductivity (conductivity). - Structure allows for heating with electrodes attached to the top and bottom of the coin cell. - The coin cell holder is prepared for 4 slots. - Uniform heating/measuring of 4 samples simultaneously under the same conditions. - Various coin cell diameters available from Φ20 to Φ8mm. 3. Simple operation and design that prevents exposure to the atmosphere / atmosphere control. - Work inside the glove box involves only setting the samples. - Inside the quartz tube, a quartz coin cell holder is maintained, and only the coin cell is accurately heated. - The completely sealed transparent quartz tube is heated from the outside using light heating. - Gas introduction systems and atmosphere control during heating are also easy to manage. Please contact us for more details.

• Secondary Cells/Batteries
• Lithium-ion battery
• Electric furnace

Tests can be conducted while observing the condition of the material surface [using a dual-swing crosshead], keeping the sample position centered to capture any changes!

The "CATY-T3H SYSTEM" is a tabletop-sized high-temperature tensile observation device that allows for thermal fatigue testing while observing the state of the sample surface in real-time. It can be used with simple operations and supports high-temperature and high-speed heating. By adopting a dual-swing crosshead, it maintains the sample's position in the center even if the sample piece expands or contracts, thereby minimizing the displacement of the observation position. By combining with optional units, it can also accommodate tests such as bending observation. 【Features】 ■ Capable of high-temperature and high-speed heating up to 1500°C * However, this depends on the shape and thermal capacity of the sample. ■ Testing of not only metallic materials but also composite materials of surface-mounted components is possible. ■ Stress measurement, low-cycle fatigue testing, and creep testing can be conducted in gas flow or vacuum conditions. ■ Realization of combined testing for thermal fatigue under stress and real-time observation. * For more details, please refer to the documentation. Feel free to contact us with any inquiries.

• Strength Testing Equipment

Customized strengths available to match the requested tests/research and development, ranging from basic manual and semi-automatic types to those equipped with [automatic sample transport/automatic burr removal mechanism/constant temperature chamber], etc.

This is a shock testing machine for metallic materials, designed to achieve a stable structure with sufficient rigidity, ensuring reliable and reproducible test results. The "semi-automatic" feature, which automatically lifts and releases the hammer, reduces the labor and time required for operation, contributing to safety as well. By combining it with the data processing device we provide, it can automatically import and save data (such as angle and absorbed energy) to a PC, further supporting compliance systems. It is used not only for testing but also for research. If you have any questions, please feel free to contact us. ▼ Instrumentation Software [CHARPAC]* Optional ▼ The Charpy impact testing machine comes with instrumentation software that allows users to view results in graphs and numerical values instead of just visually. The software is developed in-house and can be customized to meet customer needs for ease of use.

• Steel
• Testing Equipment and Devices
• Impact Test

Utilizing the know-how of custom testing machines, we support testing and research with material testing machines such as [impact/fatigue durability/tensile/torsion testing machines, etc.].

▼Example of Testing Machine Manufacturing▼ The description is just one example. For details, please check individual pages or feel free to contact us. Customization is also available. *Special order testing machines and high-temperature on-site observation furnaces are featured on separate pages. 1. Impact Testing Machines - Charpy (pendulum/instrumented/semi-automatic/manual/automatic specimen replenishment) for metals, non-metals, and plastics - Drop weight impact (drop/falling weight/instrumented) for metals, non-metals, plastics, carbon fibers, textiles, and automotive-related materials 2. Fatigue Endurance Testing Machines - Creep (servo electronic/weight type/multi-station/with constant temperature bath) for metals, ceramics, carbon fibers, plastics, and wires - Pulley fatigue for metals and products - Torsional fatigue for metals and plastics - Friction wear (thrust/reciprocating sliding/rotational) for metals, ceramics, and carbon fibers, and plastics 3. Other Material Testing Machines - Universal testing machine (tensile/compression/bending) for metals, ceramics, carbon fibers, plastics, and wires - Static torsion testing machine for plastics, rubber, etc. ▼Material Testing Machines at Yokokura▼ Since our establishment in 1980, we have been manufacturing testing machines. We consistently handle the design, development, manufacturing, maintenance, inspection, and repair of equipment, and with the accumulated know-how and technology, we have produced testing machines for various customers across different industries.

• Testing Equipment and Devices
• Strength Testing Equipment
• Impact Test

Results of the drop hammer impact test are analyzed through waveform processing. Characteristics that cannot be understood by visual inspection are revealed! The impact waveform is displayed in a graph. The tip tool can be customized.

≪Points≫ 1. Highly customizable scalability We offer many customizations that can be changed according to the test content. 2. Diverse striker shapes The shape of the striker can be changed to match the test. 3. FFT analysis software Allows analysis of fracture behavior data with graphical representation of impacts. [Test Examples] Drop weight tests / Surface impact tests / Shock absorption tests / Penetration resistance tests / Large drop weight chain pull impact testing machine / Impact damage detection demonstrator tests / Impact testing equipment for damage detection tests. [Test Fixtures - Examples of Added Tips] Round bar striker Removable type fixture for surface impact Stage and surface impact fixture Fixtures for ice picks, butterfly knives, and fillet knives included. *We will design according to your requests, so please contact us for details.

• Other machine elements

Original testing machines and software creation for fuel, engines, wheels, suspension, spark plugs, etc. Leave it to us! Please let us know your testing requirements!

Our company has a track record of creating testing machines related to the following. If you have any requests regarding other testing machines, please feel free to contact us. [ Fuel-related ] Injector durability device for poor fuel Fuel pump high-temperature durability testing device Fuel pump durability testing device Fuel pump flow measurement device Fuel pump and SIFS performance measurement device Direct injection Malvern bench [ Engine-related ] Valve seat cold and heat testing machine Valve guide sliding testing machine Exhaust system fastening part cold and heat fatigue testing machine Durability testing machine related Mud water durability testing machine Boot durability testing machine CVJ durability testing machine Propeller boot durability testing machine Rack boot high and low temperature durability testing machine [ Wheel and suspension-related ] Wheel rotation bending testing machine (VIA specification) Wheel drop impact testing machine (JIS/ISO) Drum durability testing machine Front fork friction testing machine Wheel lateral destruction measurement testing machine Testing machine for suspension and steering [ Spark plug-related ] SP heating load life testing machine SP dielectric strength testing machine For other achievements, please contact us.

• Testing Equipment and Devices
• Strength Testing Equipment
• Analytical Equipment and Devices

Because we have the know-how for manufacturing test equipment, we can fulfill custom test requests as desired. We receive many production requests mainly for material/product development, research, and testing.

【Examples of Custom Test Equipment】 We manufacture test equipment tailored to the diverse needs of various customers across industries, and here are some examples of the test equipment we have produced. ■ Bearing-related ■ Furniture-related ■ Large-scale synchrotron radiation-related While the items we can showcase are limited, we produce a wide variety of test equipment. Why not consider creating a one-of-a-kind test machine utilizing our expertise in materials testing? [Examples of Materials Testing Equipment] Impact testing machines (Charpy/Dropping weight/Falling drop)/Fatigue endurance testing machines (Creep/Pulley)/Friction and wear (Thrust/Reciprocating sliding/Rotating)/Universal testing machines/Static torsion testing machines 【Custom Test Equipment at Yokokura】 Since 1980, we have been creating original test machines and devices alongside materials testing machines. We produce a variety of equipment for research and testing of unique new materials and products developed by our customers.

• Composite Materials
• Ceramics
• Testing Equipment and Devices

It is a compactly designed high-temperature heating observation device. It can be used on your microscope or micro-scope.

The IR-TPS is a high-temperature stage for microscopes that has been developed to achieve the contradictory goals of "high functionality and low cost." In addition to the standard configuration, advanced system equipment can be built with high-quality options. It can be used for research such as material analysis and quality control under precise temperature control in air, inert gas, or vacuum environments. 【Features】 ○ Uniform high-temperature heating of the sample at a speed of up to 1500°C within 60 seconds using infrared concentration ○ Energy-saving clean heating ○ Easy maintenance For more details, please contact us or refer to the catalog.

• Analytical Equipment and Devices

Real-time observation of ultra-high temperatures! A system that enables high-speed heating and cooling, allowing for the observation and recording of behavioral changes in real-time to fulfill your desire to see "now."

The high-temperature observation stage "IR-18SP" for microscopes is a product that allows for the heating observation of samples placed on a microscope stage. Despite its compact furnace body, it can achieve rapid heating from room temperature to 1500°C in just 30 seconds, and it enables ultra-high temperature heating up to a maximum temperature of 1800°C. 【Features】 ■ Capable of high-temperature heating up to 1800°C ■ Simple structure for easy maintenance ■ The furnace itself has a hermetic chamber structure, allowing heating in a free atmosphere ■ High-speed response enables precise temperature control ■ Allows for "in-situ observation" with microscopes, endoscopes, and laser microscopes ■ Capable of recording and analyzing videos linked to temperature ■ Compact and usable on a tabletop It is compatible with metal microscopes, endoscopes, laser microscopes, etc., and systems utilizing existing microscopes can also be proposed.

• Testing Equipment and Devices

Monitor operational status even from a distance! Notifies in real-time of stops or abnormalities!

Introducing the "Operational Monitoring System" that can detect the stopping and abnormalities of testing machines even while working remotely. "While working from a distance, I want to know the status of the testing machine." "Do you have concerns about reducing testing time losses?" Our "Operational Monitoring System" allows you to check the status of the testing machine from a remote location, whether you are in the office or working from home. It contributes to reducing the "effort" and "time" spent traveling to the distant location of the testing machine multiple times. Additionally, by applying technology, it also allows you to understand the operational rate and actual working hours of the testing machine. Results can be displayed in formats such as Gantt charts. 【Features】 ■ Remote status confirmation for multiple testing machines ■ Notifications of abnormalities or test completion via email ■ Compatibility with other companies' testing machines* ■ Customizable display content Other display contents can also be customized according to your requests. Please feel free to contact us. *Certain conditions must be met. For more details, please refer to the PDF document.

• Production Management System

【Compact tabletop model】Allows for multi-angle observation and filming of the behavior of molten solder during heating!

The "IR-HP-SP2" is a large heating observation device that allows for the observation and recording of the behavior of the solder material during heating. When equipped with a multi-camera system, it enables simultaneous observation from multiple directions and analysis of the behavior of the solder and flux linked to temperature. The furnace body is a tabletop model that can be installed on an experimental table. Additionally, it features a vacuum chamber structure, allowing for various vacuum gas replacements and experiments with gas flow, ensuring that flux gas does not leak externally, making it safe to use anywhere. 【Features】 ■ Airtight structure allows for flexible atmosphere control ■ Compact tabletop design enables clean heating and is suitable for any installation environment ■ On-site observation during heating at free angles ■ Flexible temperature control performance *For more details, please refer to the PDF document or feel free to contact us.

• Other inspection equipment and devices

Maximum heating temperature 1400℃! For rapid heating of metals and ceramics, heating and cooling cycle testing.

The "IR-HP2-18" is a high-speed high-temperature heating device that supports non-contact heating up to 1400°C through the concentration and reflection of halogen lamp light. Using a high-power lamp while maintaining the standard IR-HP series furnace body, it significantly improves heating performance and maximum temperature. It comes standard with a large 100mm sample holder, accommodating sample sizes of Φ70mm. Due to its internally sealed structure, it can also handle heating in a vacuum or gas flow, making it suitable for rapid heating of ceramics and metals, as well as high-speed heating and cooling cycle tests. 【Features】 ■ Standard equipped with a large 100mm sample holder ■ Clean heating environment due to lamp heating method ■ Installation of observation window and video recording of heating state is possible ■ Automatic operation from vacuum to gas replacement and heating (optional) *You can view the product documentation for the series in PDF format.

• Heating device
• Testing Equipment and Devices
• Analytical Equipment and Devices

The state of the sample being heated can also be observed through the observation windows on the top and side! Automatic calculation of contact angles and wettability from image data is also possible! *Demo available now.

The "IR-HP" is a high-temperature observation device capable of heating up to 1300°C through focused heating of samples only. It comes standard with a large 100mm sample holder and features observation windows on both the top and side, allowing for the observation of the sample's state during heating from various angles. Additionally, through joint development with Nick Corporation, it has become possible to automatically calculate contact angles and wettability at high temperatures from image data! It measures the contact angle of solid substances when they become liquid at high temperatures, as well as changes in contact angles under high temperatures that differ from those at room temperature. *Free demos are currently available* (For those planning to purchase, we offer free demos for image verification.) 【Features】 ■ Capable of heating up to 1300°C through focused heating ■ Standard large 100mm sample holder ■ Observation windows installed on the top and side → The state of the sample during heating can be observed from the side (contact angle) and from above (wettability) ■ Uses an IR heating furnace that easily achieves high-temperature conditions ■ Measurements can be taken under controlled atmospheres such as air, inert gas, or vacuum *For more details, please contact us or download the PDF materials.*

• Heating device
• Testing Equipment and Devices
• Analytical Equipment and Devices

Belt durability testing and measurement of loss torque are also possible! Testing can be conducted under actual usage environmental conditions!

The "FM-P" is a testing machine that applies tensile loads to rotating bodies such as pulleys and bearings to evaluate their durability. It can also accommodate belt durability tests and loss torque measurements. Additionally, with optional temperature-controlled chambers and oil droplet devices, it can conduct tests under actual usage environmental conditions. 【Specifications】 ■ Rotational speed: MAX 10,000 r/min ■ Tensile load: MAX 10 kN ■ Options: Temperature-controlled chamber (RT to 150°C), oil application device *For more details, please refer to the PDF materials or feel free to contact us.

• Other measurement, recording and measuring instruments
• Testing Equipment and Devices

Adopting high-performance servo motors! Various control condition settings such as torque control and angle control are possible!

The "FM-HSR" is an electronic high-speed torsional fatigue testing machine that employs a high-performance servo motor. It is capable of torsional testing at a maximum frequency of 30Hz, allowing for various control condition settings such as torque control and angle control. Durability testing can be conducted under actual complex environments and usage conditions for various components. 【Specifications】 ■ Torsional Frequency: MAX 30Hz ■ Torsional Angle: MAX ±10° ■ Torsional Torque: MAX 100Nm ■ Control Mode: Constant Torque Operation, Constant Angle Operation ■ Options: Constant Temperature Chamber (RT +20 to 150°C) *For more details, please refer to the PDF document or feel free to contact us.

• Other measurement, recording and measuring instruments
• Testing Equipment and Devices

Thrust friction and wear testing machine capable of conducting friction and wear experiments under special conditions.

The "FRC-R" is a thrust direction sliding friction and wear testing machine that complies with JIS K7218-1986 Method A and Method B tests. It is designed to contact plastic test specimens in the form of square plates, discs, or hollow cylinders with the end face of a hollow cylindrical counterpart made of metal or other materials under a constant load, and to rotate either of them to wear down the plastic test specimen. It can accommodate pin-on-disk, ring-on-disk, and ring-on-ring testing methods. Optional equipment such as a constant temperature chamber, oil tank, and oil droplet unit are also available, allowing for friction and wear experiments under special conditions. 【Features】 ■ Complies with JIS K7218-1986 Method A and Method B tests ■ Optional constant temperature chamber, oil tank, and oil droplet unit available ■ Capable of conducting friction and wear experiments under special conditions *For more details, please refer to the PDF materials or feel free to contact us.

• Testing Equipment and Devices

High-speed sampling control is possible! A computer-controlled universal testing machine that meets diverse needs.

The "CATY-2000" is a versatile computer-controlled universal testing machine that meets diverse needs. It features a high-rigidity loading frame that is faithful to the basics. With complete automatic control via PC, it allows for the setting of various testing conditions. The adoption of Ethernet enables high-speed sampling control and makes it easy to link with other general-purpose software. It can accommodate all special specifications, including capacity, width, height, and speed. 【Features】 ■ High-rigidity loading frame ■ Capable of setting various testing conditions ■ High-speed sampling control enabled by Ethernet ■ Easy linkage with other general-purpose software *For more details, please refer to the PDF materials or feel free to contact us.

• Other measurement, recording and measuring instruments
• Testing Equipment and Devices

Opening up the possibilities of new materials, a lineup of testing machines and measuring devices.

The "Testing Machine LINE UP CATALOG" is the comprehensive catalog of testing machines from Yokokura Seisakusho, which offers innovative products through a combination of three high-level specialized technologies: software, electricity, and mechanics. In addition to conventional testing machines and measuring devices that contribute to production and development sites as well as material research and development fields, we have renewed our lineup with various new testing devices that respond to the needs of the times, for the first time in about 20 years. We introduce a variety of universal testing machines, including the high-speed heating, energy-saving, and space-saving high-temperature tensile observation device "CATY-T3H," as well as tribology friction and wear testing machines, creep testing machines, and impact testing machines. 【Contents】 ■ Universal Testing Machines ■ Tribology Friction and Wear Testing Machines ■ Creep Testing Machines ■ Impact Testing Machines ■ Durability and Strength Testing Machines ■ Household Goods Testing Machines ■ Other Testing Devices *For more details, please refer to the PDF document or feel free to contact us.

• Other measurement, recording and measuring instruments
• Testing Equipment and Devices

Achieving excellent sampling speed! Calculating and analyzing various dynamic characteristics related to impact!

The "CHARPAC series" is a testing machine that has been instrumented by equipping a traditional Charpy impact tester with a load cell hammer and a high-speed amplifier. The impact waveform can be visualized instantly, and by performing waveform analysis using a dedicated program, various dynamic characteristics related to the impact can be calculated and analyzed. Additionally, we also offer the "CI-R series," a Charpy impact testing machine for metals that complies with JIS B7722 and ASTM standards. 【Features】 ■ Utilizes FFT processing, allowing specification of filtering frequencies ■ Adopts a high-speed AD board, achieving excellent sampling speed ■ Multi-window screen layout with superior visibility and operability ■ Waveform data and test result data can be saved in CSV format ■ Sampling waveforms can be saved even after editing the original waveform (raw waveform) *For more details, please refer to the PDF materials or feel free to contact us.

• Other measurement, recording and measuring instruments
• Testing Equipment and Devices

Measurement of stroke distance and applied load is possible from 1μm! Sample heating in high-temperature environments of 50 to 250℃ is also available! Customization is available!

The "FRC-S" applies a load and sliding friction to the sample to calculate the friction and wear coefficients. It is a friction and wear testing machine that can create data for evaluating friction characteristics and performance. It can control the maximum sliding frequency of 50Hz and a sliding distance from 1μm to 10mm. It can be used for evaluating the friction characteristics of products for automotive devices and mobile equipment, as well as for fundamental research, performance evaluation, and quality control of materials such as metals, plastics, and bearing materials. 【Features】 ■ Friction coefficient resolution of 0.01μm or higher. Capable of measuring even slight friction coefficients. ■ Achieves high-precision load control. ■ Sample heating is possible from 50 to 250°C. ■ Complies with industrial standards such as JIS standards for oil droplets/oil immersion. ■ Customizable through made-to-order production, accommodating a wide range of materials and products. *Additionally, you can view the "Comprehensive Catalog," which includes impact testing machines and fatigue durability testing machines, via "PDF Download." Please feel free to contact us for inquiries.

• Testing Equipment and Devices
• Other inspection equipment and devices

The "Mechanical Stitching Method" by Nichinichisui Road Machinery Co., Ltd. is a new technique that allows for the repair of metal cracks without the application of heat. By using special bolts and reinforcement plates, cracks are physically removed, and repairs are made without causing any thermal impact on the base material. Repairs can be carried out even in environments where open flames cannot be used. Since no heat is applied, the disassembly of equipment is kept to a minimum. ◎ For more details, please contact us. ◎ If a detailed technical explanation is needed, please contact us.

The "Mechanical Stitching Method" by Nichinichisui Road Machinery Co., Ltd. is a new technique that allows for the repair of metal cracks without the application of heat. By using special bolts and reinforcement plates, cracks are physically removed, and repairs are made without any thermal impact on the base material. Repairs can be conducted in environments where open flames cannot be used. Since no heat is applied, the disassembly of equipment is minimized. ◎ For more details, please contact us. ◎ If a detailed technical explanation is required, please contact us.

When measuring the flow rate of liquids or gases that are unsuitable for plastic due to high pressure or high temperature, our robust "glass tube variable area flow meter (rotameter)" allows for more accurate flow measurements. It offers a wider flow range and is suitable for various liquids and gases! 【Features】 ■ Glass tube variable area flow meter ・ Flow measurement technology with high durability, economy, and excellent operability ・ Capable of a wider flow range, suitable for various liquids and gases ■ Metal tube variable area flow meter ・ Durability and accuracy that withstands high pressure and harsh temperature environments 【Product Lineup】 ■ Glass tube variable area flow meter ・ Sho-Rate models 1350, 1355, 1358 ・ GT1600 series ■ Metal tube variable area flow meter ・ MT3750 series ・ MT3809 series ▼ For more details, visit https://www.brooksinstrument.com/ja-jp/products/variable-area-flow-meters

The "Mechanical Stitching Method" by Nichinichisui Road Machinery Co., Ltd. is a new technique that allows for the repair of metal cracks without the application of heat. By using special bolts and reinforcement plates, cracks are physically removed, and repairs are made without affecting the base material with heat. Repairs can be carried out in environments where open flames cannot be used. Since no heat is applied, the disassembly of equipment is minimized. ◎ For more details, please contact us. ◎ If a detailed technical explanation is needed, please contact us.

The "Mechanical Stitching Method" by Nichinichisui Road Machinery Co., Ltd. is a new technique that allows for the repair of metal cracks without the application of heat. By using special bolts and reinforcement plates, cracks are physically removed, and repairs are made without causing any thermal impact on the base material. Repairs can be carried out even in environments where open flames cannot be used. Since no heat is applied, the disassembly of equipment is minimized. ◎ For more details, please contact us. ◎ If a detailed technical explanation is needed, please contact us.