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We have compiled the results of the introduction of ammonia concentration measurement in saltwater.

The Spanish-made INSTRAN ammonia meter is designed to accommodate all types of samples, from drinking water to wastewater and seawater. It incorporates laboratory measurement techniques into an online analysis device, performing automatic calibration and automatic cleaning for each analysis, enabling high-precision measurements. The syringe volume control method ensures that the syringe does not come into contact with the sample or reagents, extending the lifespan of the syringe. It requires minimal maintenance, consumes less reagents, and maintains high precision.

To ensure that the water used by our customers is always managed correctly, Instran's online analysis equipment can measure many water quality parameters, including boron and ammonium, with high precision. By using two types of measurement methods, colorimetry and ISE, depending on the measurement target, we can accommodate a variety of water quality parameters. Additionally, it is equipped with automatic cleaning and calibration functions, resulting in less frequent maintenance. The amount of reagents used in a single measurement is minimal, allowing for low-cost maintenance of high precision.

We adopt the SKA method to calculate concentration based on the difference in concentration between a standard solution of known concentration and the sample. By comparing the potential differences, we can minimize the impact of the measurement environment on the results. During measurement, reagents are used to adjust the pH. This removes interference from ions other than fluoride, enabling high-precision measurement of fluoride concentration.

By using a syringe that allows for injection volume adjustments in increments of 0.0015 ml, high-precision measurement of boron concentration can be achieved through the injection of titrant. The preparation of reagents is easy and inexpensive, allowing for low-cost operation. Additionally, by adjusting the concentration of the reagents, it is possible to change the measurement range.

This is an online boron concentration meter capable of measuring low concentrations of boron in the range of 0 to 100 ppb. After performing a blank measurement to correct for the effects of temperature and turbidity on the measurement, actual measurements are conducted. This minimizes the impact of environmental factors on the measurements, allowing for high-precision measurement of boron concentration.

The SKA method is employed to calculate concentration based on the difference in concentrations between a standard solution of known concentration and the sample. By comparing the potential differences, the influence of the measurement environment on the results can be minimized. There are several interfering substances in the measurement of chloride ions, but this method allows for their easy removal.

A summary of case studies on the measurement and control of ammonia, aluminum, and manganese in drinking water treatment facilities has been compiled.

This is a collection of case studies on online measurement of temperature, dissolved oxygen, pH, and nitrogen waste: ammonia, ammonium, nitrite, and nitrate in land-based aquaculture (RAS).

- You can measure the ammonia concentration in various measurement liquids such as water supply, drinking water, drainage, and seawater. - The measurement method using ion-selective electrodes allows for automatic calibration and automatic cleaning for each analysis, enabling high-precision measurements. - It is possible to measure low concentrations of ammonia below 1 mg/L with high precision. - High concentrations of ammonia above 100 mg/L can also be measured by utilizing the dilution function. - The small variety and consumption of reagents help to keep running costs low. - The Fast Loop sampling system prevents contamination of the measurement liquid within the measurement section. - An alarm can be triggered using alarm contacts to notify of abnormalities. - Measurement values can be externally output and recorded with a 4-20 mA current output. *For more details, please check the materials available for download in PDF format.

Method – Colorimetric Analysis After adding the sample to the measurement cell, several reagents are added to adjust the solution to the desired conditions (such as pH and valence elements). Next, a blank is created to correct for disturbances in temperature and turbidity. Then, the final reagent is added, which reacts with the solution to produce color, and measurements are taken using the correct wavelength. Since a photometer is used, the results are very accurate.

Method – Colorimetric Analysis After adding the sample to the measurement cell, several reagents are added to adjust the solution to the desired conditions (such as pH and valence elements). Next, a blank is created to correct for disturbances in temperature and turbidity. Then, the final reagent is added, which reacts with the solution to produce color, and measurements are taken using the correct wavelength. Since a photometer is used, the results are very accurate.

Method – Colorimetric Analysis After adding the sample to the measurement cell, several reagents are added to adjust the solution to the desired conditions (such as pH and valence elements). Next, a blank is created to correct for disturbances in temperature and turbidity. Then, the final reagent is added, which reacts with the solution to develop color and is measured using the correct wavelength. Since a photometer is used, the results are very accurate.

Measurement Method – Colorimetric After placing the sample in the measurement cell, reagents are added to adjust the solution to the desired conditions (pH, valence, etc.). A blank is then performed to correct for disturbances in temperature and turbidity. After that, the final reagent is added, which reacts with the solution to produce a color that is measured. Measurement Principle This method is based on the oxidation of As(III) to As(IV). Subsequently, when the necessary reagents are added, As(IV) reacts with molybdate to form a molybdenum arsenic complex. This complex is reduced and exhibits a blue color, which is proportional to the arsenic concentration.

Advantages This method is a very simple chlorine measurement technique. It consumes a small amount of reagents, and chromate ions, which interfere in amperometric methods, do not cause interference here. Conductivity and calcium, which are significant interferences in the DPD method, do not interfere either. Measurement Principle – ISE Electrode Analysis is performed using the Standard Known Addition (SKA) method. Two measurements are taken, and the concentration is calculated from the difference between the two and the slope during the calibration curve creation. The reference for calculating the results is not an absolute value but the relative difference in mV, so any changes that may occur in the matrix sample are corrected by both of these lectures. This allows for the avoidance of external interference. Measurement Method It is based on the measurement of iodide. Through the reaction of chlorine, buffer solution, and potassium iodide reagent, chlorine reacts with potassium, releasing iodide. Chlorine displaces iodide. Subsequently, the ISE electrode measures the iodide, and the amount of iodide measured corresponds to the chlorine in the sample.

Measurement Principle Potassium iodide reacts with chlorine in acidic media, producing a yellow color. When a sufficient amount of titrant is added, it becomes colorless again, allowing the concentration of chlorine to be calculated based on the amount of titrant used. Features Potassium iodide reacts with chlorine in acidic media, producing a yellow color. When a sufficient amount of titrant is added, it becomes colorless again, allowing the concentration of chlorine to be calculated based on the amount of titrant used.

Method – Colorimetric Analysis After adding the sample to the measurement cell, several reagents are added to adjust the solution to the desired conditions (such as pH and valence elements). Next, a blank is created to correct for disturbances in temperature and turbidity. Then, the final reagent is added, which reacts with the solution to produce color, and measurements are taken using the correct wavelength. Since a photometer is used, the results are very accurate. This method is specialized for phosphates and is particularly useful for measuring high concentrations of phosphates. Even if the color of the measurement sample is yellow, performing an auto-blanking before adding the reagent can correct for the background yellow present in the measurement sample. Additionally, only one type of reagent is used, so the amount of reagent added is very small (1 ml).

Method – Colorimetric Analysis After adding the sample to the measurement cell, several reagents are added to adjust the solution to the desired conditions (such as pH and valence elements). Next, a blank is created to correct for disturbances in temperature and turbidity. Then, the final reagent is added, which reacts with the solution to produce a color change, and measurements are taken using the correct wavelength. Since a photometer is used, the results are very accurate. The developed blue color is very intense, allowing for high precision and reproducibility, making it possible to measure truly low concentration values (below 50 ppb) with this method.

Method – Colorimetric Analysis After adding the reagent and setting appropriate conditions for the sample, the titrant is filled. Thanks to the minimum addition amount of the module syringe driver being controlled in 0.015 mL increments, very high precision is achieved. Furthermore, the software has been improved to speed up the initial dosing, and as it approaches the inflection point, the titrant is added slowly, enhancing accuracy.

Method - Ion Selective Electrode Reagent 1 is added before analysis to activate the electrode. After that, the first measurement is taken. Next, a small amount of a high-concentration nitrate solution is added, and a second mV measurement is performed to calculate the results. If an extraction solution is used, cleaning with an ammonia-based cleaning solution is necessary after analysis to prevent cross-contamination. Many probes are affected by interference from nitrite and chloride, but in this method, using the extraction solution at the beginning of the analysis completely removes the influence of these two ions. Therefore, the only ion affecting the measurement is the nitrate ion (NO₃⁻).

After adding the reagents to prepare the sample under specified conditions, the injection of the titrant is performed. The minimum injection volume (0.015 ml) achieved by the module's syringe driver ensures very high precision, with a maximum difference of only three drops even in two consecutive measurements using the same standard sample. Additionally, improvements in the software have accelerated the injection of the titrant in the initial stages, while slowing down the injection rate as it approaches the endpoint, ensuring even higher accuracy. This method is a modification of the method developed by Reilly (published in Analytical Chemistry). By adjusting the pH of the solution, magnesium precipitates and is not included in the titration target. It is specialized for calcium even in the presence of large amounts of magnesium. The measurement wavelength is adjusted to the calcium–calcon (Ca–Calcon) complex, while the reference wavelength is set to the EDTA–calcon complex, allowing for accurate and reproducible detection of the endpoint.

After adding the sample to the measurement cell, several reagents are added to adjust the solution conditions (such as pH and the atomic valence of elements). Subsequently, a blank measurement is performed to correct for the effects of temperature and turbidity. Then, the final reagent is added, which reacts with the solution to produce color and is measured at the appropriate wavelength. Thanks to the photometer used, results can be obtained with very high accuracy. This method is based on the reaction in which nitrous acid generated from nitrite ions undergoes a diazotization reaction with sulfanilamide, forming a vivid colored diazo dye.

Method - Ion Selective Electrode The analysis uses the known addition method (SKA). In this technique, two measurements are taken, and the difference between them, along with the slope obtained during calibration, is used to calculate the concentration. By performing both measurements, changes in the sample matrix are corrected, and the calculation uses the relative difference in mV rather than absolute values, allowing for the avoidance of external interference. An ion strength adjuster (ISA solution) is added to the sample to activate the electrode while simultaneously suppressing the effects of interfering components. Subsequently, the fluoride concentration is measured using the "Standard Known Addition Method (SKA)." This method is very simple and easy to implement. Additionally, because the SKA method corrects for electrode drift and variations in the sample matrix, stable results are obtained.

Method - Colorimetric Analysis After adding the sample to the measurement cell, several reagents are added to adjust the conditions of the solution (such as pH and oxidation state). Subsequently, a blank measurement is performed to correct for the effects of temperature and turbidity. Then, the final reagent is added, which reacts with the solution to produce a color that is measured at the appropriate wavelength. The photometer used allows for highly accurate measurement results. This method is based on the reduction of copper(II) to copper(I) in acidic solutions. The neocuproine reagent specifically reacts with cuprous ions (Cu⁺). If present, iron can also be reduced to iron(II) (Fe²⁺) and may react with neocuproine. This method is specific to copper, and the cuprous-neocuproine complex has a clear and relatively strong absorbance, allowing for the measurement of low concentrations of copper at the ppb level. The influence of iron can be removed with additional reagents.

Method - Colorimetric Analysis After introducing the sample into the measurement cell, several reagents are added to adjust the conditions of the solution (such as pH and the valence of elements). Subsequently, a blank measurement is performed to correct for the effects of temperature and turbidity. Then, the final reagent is added, which reacts with the solution to produce a color that is measured at the appropriate wavelength. Depending on the photometer used, the results are obtained with very high precision. Trivalent iron ions (Fe³⁺) are reduced to divalent iron (Fe²⁺) by hydroxylamine hydrochloride. Divalent iron ions react with 1:10-phenanthroline in a solution adjusted to a pH range of 5 to 7 to form a pink complex. This method allows for the measurement of relatively high concentrations of iron without excessive absorbance. The reagents used are stable. If it is necessary to measure total iron, the stirring time can be extended to ensure that the iron completely dissolves in the acidic solution.

Method - Colorimetric Analysis After the sample is introduced into the measurement cell, several reagents are added to adjust the solution conditions (such as pH and the valence of elements). Subsequently, a blank measurement is conducted to correct for the effects of temperature and turbidity. Then, the final reagent is added, which reacts with the solution to produce a color that is measured at the appropriate wavelength. Depending on the photometer used, the results are obtained with very high precision. Trivalent iron (Fe³⁺) is reduced to divalent iron (Fe²⁺) by hydroxylamine hydrochloride. The divalent iron ions react with ferrozine in a buffer solution adjusted to a pH range of 5 to 7, forming a pink complex. This method allows for the measurement of very low concentrations of iron. The reagents used are stable. If it is necessary to measure total iron, the stirring time can be extended to ensure that the iron is completely dissolved in an acidic medium.

Method - Colorimetric Analysis After the sample is introduced into the measurement cell, several reagents are added to adjust the solution conditions (such as pH and the valence of elements). Subsequently, a blank measurement is performed to correct for the effects of temperature and turbidity. Next, the final reagent is added, which reacts with the solution to produce a color that is measured at the appropriate wavelength. Depending on the photometer used, the results are obtained with very high precision. The optimal pH conditions are established using an acetate buffer, and Br-PADAP reacts with nickel to form a strong pink color that is proportional to the nickel concentration. The pink color formed can stain the measurement cell and interfere with subsequent measurements; however, this interference is removed by a cleaning solution from Instran. *Substances that may interfere: Cobalt*

Method - Colorimetric Analysis After introducing the sample into the measurement cell, several reagents are added to adjust the solution conditions (such as pH and valence elements). A blank measurement is then performed to correct for the effects of temperature and turbidity. Next, the final reagent is added, which reacts with the solution to develop color, and this is measured at the appropriate wavelength. Depending on the photometer used, the results are obtained with very high precision. Silicon (silica) reacts with molybdate reagent in an acidic environment to form a yellow silicomolybdic acid complex. This complex is reduced by ascorbic acid, resulting in a blue color known as "molybdenum blue." The concentration of this blue color is proportional to the silica concentration. The developed blue color is very intense, providing excellent accuracy and reproducibility. This method can also measure very low concentrations of less than 50 ppb. *Interfering Factors Phosphates and tannins: can be removed by oxalic acid Hydrogen sulfide and large amounts of iron: cause interference

Method – Colorimetric Analysis After adding the sample to the measurement cell, multiple reagents are added to adjust the solution to the specified conditions. Next, a blank measurement is performed to correct for the effects of temperature and turbidity. After that, the final reagent is added, which reacts with the solution to produce color, and this is measured at the appropriate wavelength. The photometer used allows for measurements with high precision. This method exclusively forms B-type molybdoceric acid, enabling the highly sensitive measurement of trace silica in high-purity water, as required in power plants and the electronics industry. Furthermore, the new formulation of reagent 1 has reduced the time required for the reaction to complete. Although reagent 1 is relatively expensive, the amount needed for use is very small, making it economical.

Method - Ion Selective Electrode Analysis is performed using the Standard Known Addition method (SKA). This process involves two measurements. The difference between the two and the slope obtained during calibration are used to calculate the concentration. By using both measurement values, changes in the matrix sample are corrected, and the calculation of results is based on the relative mV difference rather than absolute values. This helps to avoid external interference. Measurement Principle The sample is adjusted to pH 8-11 using an Ion Strength Adjuster (ISA). After that, the first measurement is taken. Next, a small amount of high-concentration sodium solution is added. Finally, a second mV reading is taken, and the results are calculated. The advantage of this method is that the rapid response of the electrode allows for quick analysis. The main interfering cations are either absent or present in very small amounts. Furthermore, the ISA solution prevents these interferences. *Interfering factors: Lithium, Potassium, Rubidium, Ammonia, Silver, Thallium

Method - Colorimetric Analysis After adding the sample to the measurement cell, several reagents are added to adjust the solution to the desired conditions (pH, valence elements, etc.). Next, a blank measurement is performed to correct for the effects of temperature and turbidity. After that, the final reagent is added, which reacts with the solution to produce a color, and this color is measured at the appropriate wavelength. Depending on the photometer used, results can be obtained with high accuracy. Measurement Principle All metal components form cyanide complexes, and by adding cyclohexanone, the zinc complex dissociates, allowing zinc to react with the zincon dye.

In the land-based aquaculture industry, water quality management is crucial for maintaining the health and growth of seafood. In particular, ammonia is harmful to seafood, and it is essential to manage its concentration appropriately. High levels of ammonia can inhibit the growth of seafood and cause diseases, potentially negatively impacting aquaculture profitability. The Instran online ammonia meter continuously measures the ammonia concentration in water for land-based aquaculture, streamlining water quality management. 【Usage Scenarios】 - Monitoring water quality in tanks at land-based aquaculture farms - Early detection of rising ammonia levels - Optimization of water quality management 【Benefits of Implementation】 - Maintenance of seafood health and promotion of growth - Improvement of aquaculture profitability - Reduction of labor and costs associated with water quality management

In the wastewater treatment industry, there is a demand for compliance with environmental regulations and optimization of treatment processes. In particular, ammonia concentration is an important indicator of water quality pollution, and accurate measurement is essential. Inadequate ammonia management increases the burden on the environment and carries the risk of regulatory violations. The Instran online ammonia meter measures ammonia concentration in wastewater in real-time, addressing these challenges. 【Use Cases】 - Monitoring effluent water quality at wastewater treatment facilities - Managing ammonia concentration in industrial wastewater - Managing ammonia concentration in aquaculture wastewater 【Benefits of Implementation】 - Rapid anomaly detection through real-time ammonia concentration monitoring - Reduction of running costs through optimization of the wastewater treatment process - Reliable compliance with environmental regulations

Nitrate ions (NO₃⁻) are reduced to nitrite ions (NO₂⁻) under alkaline conditions. The resulting nitrite ions are then measured through a diazotization reaction. This reaction produces a vivid azo dye, and the intensity of the color is proportional to the concentration of nitrate ions. It should be noted that this measurement method assumes that there are no nitrite ions originally present in the sample.

The sample is titrated with hydrochloric acid, and measurements are taken until the colorimetric endpoint corresponding to the specified pH is reached. The alkalinity of phenolphthalein is measured by titrating to pH 8.3, which is confirmed by the color change of the phenolphthalein indicator. This value indicates the total amount of hydroxide ions (OH⁻) present in the sample, as well as half the amount of carbonate ions (CO₃²⁻).

First, add the ISA solution (ionic strength adjuster) to prepare the sample and activate the electrode sensor. Then, conduct the first measurement. Next, add a small amount of high-concentration nitrate ion standard solution and perform the second mV measurement. The concentration of the target component in the sample is calculated from the results of these two measurements. Additionally, when using an extraction solution, cleaning with ammonia cleaning solution is required for each analysis. This prevents cross-contamination between samples.

After introducing the sample into the measurement cell, several reagents are added to adjust the solution to the specified conditions (such as pH and oxidation state). Next, a blank measurement is performed to correct for the effects of temperature and turbidity. After that, the final reagent is added, causing a reaction in the solution that results in a color change. This color change is measured at the appropriate wavelength. By using a photometer, high measurement accuracy is achieved.

After adding a buffer and adjusting the pH conditions suitable for the reaction, the reaction proceeds. Chloramine T reagent reacts with cyanide ions to produce cyanide chloride. Subsequently, this compound reacts with a color reagent to form a blue complex. The intensity of the generated blue color is proportional to the concentration of cyanide in the sample.

This measurement method is based on the reaction of phenol with 4-aminoantipyrine, followed by oxidation with peroxodisulfate, resulting in the formation of a pink complex.

All metal components form complexes with cyanide. Then, by adding cyclohexanone, only the zinc complex is dissociated, and the free zinc reacts with the Zincon reagent. This reaction produces a color change, and by measuring the intensity of the color, the zinc concentration is quantified.

The technology used by Instran for parameter measurement with ISE sensors can correct for the effects of changes in the sample matrix, allowing for the avoidance of inaccurate measurement results caused by interference or changes in sample conditions.

This method measures the concentrations of sodium hydroxide (NaOH), bicarbonate (HCO₃⁻), and carbonate (CO₃²⁻) using a neutralization reaction with standardized hydrochloric acid solution. Phenolphthalein indicates the endpoint of hydroxide ion neutralization, changing color from pink to colorless. Methyl orange indicates the complete neutralization of bicarbonate and carbonate, changing color from yellow to red. Based on the volume of titrant consumed at each endpoint, the concentrations of sodium hydroxide and carbonate are calculated with high accuracy and reproducibility.

The measurement is conducted by titrating the sample with hydrochloric acid and reaching a colorimetric endpoint corresponding to a specific pH. In this measurement, phenolphthalein is used as an indicator. In the initial state, when it reacts with caustic soda, the solution shows a deep pink color (pH > 8). Subsequently, as it reacts with the titrating acid, the pH decreases, and when it reaches pH < 8, it surpasses the equivalence point of caustic soda, and the color of the solution changes to colorless (transparent). By using an LED of appropriate wavelength and a photometer, high measurement accuracy is achieved.

Calcium and magnesium form complexes with cresol red. When a buffer is added to adjust the pH to about 9.6, a characteristic purple complex is produced. When measuring only calcium, magnesium can be complexed to eliminate interference.

By adding cerium sulfate, the sample is oxidized, converting all forms of chromium into hexavalent chromium (Cr(VI)). Then, by adding diphenylcarbazide, a red-purple chromogenic compound is produced through the reaction with Cr(VI).